J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 2-3, June 2014, pages 81-87

Premorbid Personality and the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease

**Table 1.** Comparison of Case and Control Participants’ Smoking, Alcohol and Early-Adult Personality Characteristics
	Cases (N = 89)	Controls (N =99)	P value (cases vs. controls)
Smoking (% ever smoked)	49.44%	52.53%	0.67
Men	53.45%	63.64%	0.30
Women	41.94%	43.64%	0.88
Smoking pack-years (mean ± SD)	10.86 ± 18.47	12.43 ± 23.09	0.60
Men	12.23 ± 20.97	17.52 ± 29.00	0.31
Women	8.28 ± 12.41	8.36 ± 16.11	0.98
Alcohol (% ever drank)	85.39	81.82	0.51
Men	91.38	86.36	0.42
Women	74.19	78.18	0.68
Alcohol drink-years (mean ± SD)	61.35 ± 114.38	46.78 ± 80.83	0.32
Men	69.96 ± 119.69	77.95 ± 110.07	0.73
Women	45.25 ± 103.67	21.84 ± 28.01	0.23
Activity risks (young adult) (mean ± SD)	2.15 ± 1.91	2.45 ± 1.49	0.27
Men	2.79 ± 1.51	2.92 ± 1.62	0.68
Women	1.00 ± 2.04	2.08 ± 1.28	0.01
Routinization (young adult) (mean ± SD)	0.45 ± 1.39	0.18 ± 1.18	0.17
Men	0.18 ± 1.42	0.27 ± 1.20	0.73
Women	0.94 ± 1.20	0.10 ± 1.17	0.003

Table 1. Comparison of Case and Control Participants’ Smoking, Alcohol and Early-Adult Personality Characteristics

Cases (N = 89)

Controls (N =99)

P value (cases vs. controls)

Smoking (% ever smoked)

49.44%

52.53%

0.67

Men

53.45%

63.64%

0.30

Women

41.94%

43.64%

0.88

Smoking pack-years (mean ± SD)

10.86 ± 18.47

12.43 ± 23.09

0.60

Men

12.23 ± 20.97

17.52 ± 29.00

0.31

Women

8.28 ± 12.41

8.36 ± 16.11

0.98

Alcohol (% ever drank)

85.39

81.82

0.51

Men

91.38

86.36

0.42

Women

74.19

78.18

0.68

Alcohol drink-years (mean ± SD)

61.35 ± 114.38

46.78 ± 80.83

0.32

Men

69.96 ± 119.69

77.95 ± 110.07

0.73

Women

45.25 ± 103.67

21.84 ± 28.01

0.23

Activity risks (young adult) (mean ± SD)

2.15 ± 1.91

2.45 ± 1.49

0.27

Men

2.79 ± 1.51

2.92 ± 1.62

0.68

Women

1.00 ± 2.04

2.08 ± 1.28

0.01

Routinization (young adult) (mean ± SD)

0.45 ± 1.39

0.18 ± 1.18

0.17

Men

0.18 ± 1.42

0.27 ± 1.20

0.73

Women

0.94 ± 1.20

0.10 ± 1.17

0.003

**Table 2.** Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for PD From Multiple Logistic Regression Models, Adjusting for Age, Sex and Education (Age and Education When Stratified on Sex)
	Crude	Adjusted for age, sex and education	Fully adjusted^a
^aAdjusted for age, sex and education as well as other personality indicators (except ever smoking and ever alcohol use). ^bUnits of 10 pack-years. ^cUnits of 10 drink-years. ^dP < 0.05.
Total sample
Activity risks (age < 35 years)	0.90 (0.76 - 1.08)	0.78 (0.63 - 0.97)^d	0.74 (0.56 - 0.97)^d
Routinization (age 20 - 35 years)	1.18 (0.93 - 1.50)	1.16 (0.90 - 1.50)	0.88 (0.63 - 1.24)
Smoking (ever)	0.88 (0.50 - 1.57)	0.67 (0.36 - 1.25)	-
Smoking (pack-years)^b	0.96 (0.84 - 1.11)	0.90 (0.77 - 1.04)	0.92 (0.78 - 1.08)
Alcohol use (ever)	1.30 (0.60 - 2.83)	1.48 (0.63 - 3.49)	-
Alcohol consumption (drink-years)^c	1.02 (0.99 - 1.05)	1.01 (0.98 - 1.04)	1.02 (0.99 - 1.06)
Men
Activity risks (age 20 - 35 years)	0.94 (0.71 - 1.24)	0.88 (0.66 - 1.19)	0.77 (0.51 - 1.16)
Routinization (age 20 - 35 years)	0.95 (0.69 - 1.30)	0.94 (0.68 - 1.31)	0.71 (0.44 - 1.14)
Smoking (ever)	0.66 (0.29 - 1.46)	0.66 (0.29 - 1.50)	-
Smoking (pack-years)^b	0.92 (0.78 - 1.08)	0.99 (0.94 - 1.05)	0.88 (0.74 - 1.06)
Alcohol use (ever)	1.67 (0.48 - 5.89)	2.24 (0.60 - 8.34)	-
Alcohol consumption (drink-years)^c	0.99 (0.96 - 1.03)	1.00 (0.96 - 1.03)	1.02 (0.97 - 1.06)
Women
Activity risks (age 20 - 35 years)	0.66 (0.49 - 0.90)	0.69 (0.50 - 0.95)^d	0.73 (0.49 - 1.09)
Routinization (age 20 - 35 years)	1.83 (1.19 - 2.80)	1.63 (1.05 - 2.53)^d	1.25 (0.73 - 2.15)
Smoking (ever)	0.93 (0.38 - 2.27)	0.62 (0.23 - 1.68)	-
Smoking (pack-years)^b	1.00 (0.74 - 1.34)	0.90 (0.63 - 1.27)	0.96 (0.63 - 1.45)
Alcohol use (ever)	0.80 (0.29 - 2.24)	1.09 (0.36 - 3.37)	-
Alcohol consumption (drink-years)^c	1.06 (0.97 - 1.16)	1.06 (0.97 - 1.16)	1.08 (0.96 - 1.22)

Table 2. Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for PD From Multiple Logistic Regression Models, Adjusting for Age, Sex and Education (Age and Education When Stratified on Sex)

Crude

Adjusted for age, sex and education

Fully adjusted^a

^aAdjusted for age, sex and education as well as other personality indicators (except ever smoking and ever alcohol use). ^bUnits of 10 pack-years. ^cUnits of 10 drink-years. ^dP < 0.05.

Total sample

Activity risks (age < 35 years)

0.90 (0.76 - 1.08)

0.78 (0.63 - 0.97)^d

0.74 (0.56 - 0.97)^d

Routinization (age 20 - 35 years)

1.18 (0.93 - 1.50)

1.16 (0.90 - 1.50)

0.88 (0.63 - 1.24)

Smoking (ever)

0.88 (0.50 - 1.57)

0.67 (0.36 - 1.25)

Smoking (pack-years)^b

0.96 (0.84 - 1.11)

0.90 (0.77 - 1.04)

0.92 (0.78 - 1.08)

Alcohol use (ever)

1.30 (0.60 - 2.83)

1.48 (0.63 - 3.49)

Alcohol consumption (drink-years)^c

1.02 (0.99 - 1.05)

1.01 (0.98 - 1.04)

1.02 (0.99 - 1.06)

Men

Activity risks (age 20 - 35 years)

0.94 (0.71 - 1.24)

0.88 (0.66 - 1.19)

0.77 (0.51 - 1.16)

Routinization (age 20 - 35 years)

0.95 (0.69 - 1.30)

0.94 (0.68 - 1.31)

0.71 (0.44 - 1.14)

Smoking (ever)

0.66 (0.29 - 1.46)

0.66 (0.29 - 1.50)

Smoking (pack-years)^b

0.92 (0.78 - 1.08)

0.99 (0.94 - 1.05)

0.88 (0.74 - 1.06)

Alcohol use (ever)

1.67 (0.48 - 5.89)

2.24 (0.60 - 8.34)

Alcohol consumption (drink-years)^c

0.99 (0.96 - 1.03)

1.00 (0.96 - 1.03)

1.02 (0.97 - 1.06)

Women

Activity risks (age 20 - 35 years)

0.66 (0.49 - 0.90)

0.69 (0.50 - 0.95)^d

0.73 (0.49 - 1.09)

Routinization (age 20 - 35 years)

1.83 (1.19 - 2.80)

1.63 (1.05 - 2.53)^d

1.25 (0.73 - 2.15)

Smoking (ever)

0.93 (0.38 - 2.27)

0.62 (0.23 - 1.68)

Smoking (pack-years)^b

1.00 (0.74 - 1.34)

0.90 (0.63 - 1.27)

0.96 (0.63 - 1.45)

Alcohol use (ever)

0.80 (0.29 - 2.24)

1.09 (0.36 - 3.37)

Alcohol consumption (drink-years)^c

1.06 (0.97 - 1.16)

1.08 (0.96 - 1.22)