J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 2, Number 4, August 2012, pages 145-151

Higher Serum Total Cholesterol Levels are Associated With Better Long-Term Balance Function After First-Time Ischemic Stroke

Figure 1. PASS scores during follow-up after stroke. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Abbreviations: HTC, high total cholesterol (≥ 5.17 mmol/L); LTC, low total cholesterol (< 5.17 mmol/L); PASS, Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients.

**Table 1.** Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Participants Stratified by Total Cholesterol Level
Variables	HTC group (n = 54)	LTC group (n = 45)	P value
The values are expressed as the number (%) or the mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: PASS: Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients;HTC, high total cholesterol (≥ 5.17 mmol/L); LTC, low total cholesterol (< 5.17 mmol/L).
Age, y	68.3 ± 9.7	65.0 ± 11.8	0.130
Women	23 (42)	13 (29)	0.158
Baseline PASS score	20.1 ± 11.5	19.0 ± 11.0	0.788
Diabetes mellitus	20 (37)	13 (29)	0.392
Coronary artery disease	11 (20)	6 (13.3)	0.355
Left side lesion	32 (59)	27 (60)	0.940
Basal ganglion lesion	24 (44)	15 (33)	0.353
Large infarct	43 (80)	37 (82)	0.297
Glucose, mmol/L	7.69 ± 2.86	6.92 ± 3.17	0.260
Albumin, g/L	37 ± 3	36 ± 5	0.516
Creatinine, µmol/L	78.68 ± 21.22	84.87 ± 26.52	0.234

Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Participants Stratified by Total Cholesterol Level

Variables

HTC group (n = 54)

LTC group (n = 45)

P value

The values are expressed as the number (%) or the mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: PASS: Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients;HTC, high total cholesterol (≥ 5.17 mmol/L); LTC, low total cholesterol (< 5.17 mmol/L).

Age, y

68.3 ± 9.7

65.0 ± 11.8

0.130

Women

23 (42)

13 (29)

0.158

Baseline PASS score

20.1 ± 11.5

19.0 ± 11.0

0.788

Diabetes mellitus

20 (37)

13 (29)

0.392

Coronary artery disease

11 (20)

6 (13.3)

0.355

Left side lesion

32 (59)

27 (60)

0.940

Basal ganglion lesion

24 (44)

15 (33)

0.353

Large infarct

43 (80)

37 (82)

0.297

Glucose, mmol/L

7.69 ± 2.86

6.92 ± 3.17

0.260

Albumin, g/L

37 ± 3

36 ± 5

0.516

Creatinine, µmol/L

78.68 ± 21.22

84.87 ± 26.52

0.234

**Table 2.** Analysis of Prognostic Factors Affecting Repeated Measurements of the PASS Score Using a Linear Mixed Regression Model
Variable^†	Regression coefficients
^‡Only adjusted for follow-up time. ^†The value or group on the right-hand side of each comparison is the reference group. Abbreviations: PASS, Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients; HTC, high total cholesterol (≥ 5.17 mmol/L); LTC, low total cholesterol (< 5.17 mmol/l); ND, no data.
Follow-up time in log(days)	2.94 (2.24, 3.65)	< 0.0001	2.94 (2.53, 3.35)	< 0.0001
Age (year)	-0.15 (-0.23, -0.08)	< 0.0001	-0.12 (-0.16, -0.07)	< 0.0001
Sex (female vs. male)	-1.92 (-3.65, 0.18)	0.031	-2.63 (-3.70, -1.57)	< 0.0001
Baseline PASS score	0.66 (0.61, 0.70)	< 0.0001	0.65 (0.61, 0.70)	< 0.0001
Total cholesterol (HTC vs. LTC)	2.01 (0.32, 3.69)	0.020	1.57 (0.58, 2.55)	0.002
Lesion laterality (left vs. right)	0.18 (-1.52, 1.88)	0.831	ND	ND
Basal ganglion lesion (yes vs. no)	-1.40 (-3.14, 0.35)	0.118	ND	ND
Lesion size (≥ 1 cm vs. < 1 cm)	-6.33 (-8.74, -3.92)	< 0.0001	ND	ND
Diabetes mellitus (yes vs. no)	-0.88 (-2.63, 0.87)	0.325	ND	ND
Coronary artery disease (yes vs. no)	-2.39 (-4.57, -0.21)	0.032	ND	ND
Albumin (< 35 vs. ≥ 35 g/L)	-0.96 (-3.12, 1.20)	0.386	ND	ND
Glucose (≥ 11.1 vs. < 11.1 mmol/L)	-2.76 (-5.48, -0.05)	0.047	ND	ND

Table 2. Analysis of Prognostic Factors Affecting Repeated Measurements of the PASS Score Using a Linear Mixed Regression Model

Variable^†

Regression coefficients

Crude^‡ (95% CI)

P value

Multiple regression (95% CI)

P value

^‡Only adjusted for follow-up time. ^†The value or group on the right-hand side of each comparison is the reference group. Abbreviations: PASS, Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients; HTC, high total cholesterol (≥ 5.17 mmol/L); LTC, low total cholesterol (< 5.17 mmol/l); ND, no data.

Follow-up time in log(days)

2.94 (2.24, 3.65)

< 0.0001

2.94 (2.53, 3.35)

< 0.0001

Age (year)

-0.15 (-0.23, -0.08)

< 0.0001

-0.12 (-0.16, -0.07)

< 0.0001

Sex (female vs. male)

-1.92 (-3.65, 0.18)

0.031

-2.63 (-3.70, -1.57)

< 0.0001

Baseline PASS score

0.66 (0.61, 0.70)

< 0.0001

0.65 (0.61, 0.70)

< 0.0001

Total cholesterol (HTC vs. LTC)

2.01 (0.32, 3.69)

0.020

1.57 (0.58, 2.55)

0.002

Lesion laterality (left vs. right)

0.18 (-1.52, 1.88)

0.831

Basal ganglion lesion (yes vs. no)

-1.40 (-3.14, 0.35)

0.118

Lesion size (≥ 1 cm vs. < 1 cm)

-6.33 (-8.74, -3.92)

< 0.0001

Diabetes mellitus (yes vs. no)

-0.88 (-2.63, 0.87)

0.325

Coronary artery disease (yes vs. no)

-2.39 (-4.57, -0.21)

0.032

Albumin (< 35 vs. ≥ 35 g/L)

-0.96 (-3.12, 1.20)

0.386

Glucose (≥ 11.1 vs. < 11.1 mmol/L)

-2.76 (-5.48, -0.05)

0.047