J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 2, Number 4, August 2012, pages 134-144

Predicting Functional Outcome One Year After Traumatic Brain Injury With CT and MRI Findings

Figure 1. The distribution of CT findings as measured by Marshall scores across GOSE levels one year post-injury.

**Table 1.** Pre-analysis of Patients Characteristics (Independent Variables) in Relation to GOSE (Dependent Variable) One-year Post-injury (n = 87)
Independent variables	n (%)	GOSE mean (SD)	P-value*
P-values* reported are from the simple regression analysis.
Gender: M/F	65 (75)/32 (25)	5.7 (2.0)/ 5.9 (2.3)	0.12
Age at onset (years), mean (range)	31 (16 - 55)		0.27
Marital status (pre-injury)
Living with a spouse/ Living alone	53 (61)/34 (39)	5.8 (2.1)/5.7 (2.3)	0.51
Education (pre-injury)
≤ 12 years / > 12 years	48 (52)/39 (45)	5.2 (2.39/6.7 (1.2)	0.22
Cause of injury
Transport accidents/Others	52 (60)/35 (40)	5.5 (2.2)/6.0 (2.2)	0.14
Substance use at injury time (no/yes)	42 (48)/45 (52)	5.8 (1.8)/6.0 (1.8)	0.85
Severity of injury
GCS, mean (SD)	7.1 (3.3)		< 0.001
ISS, mean (SD)	31.8 (12.7)		0.001
Dilated pupils (no/yes)	28 (32)/59 (68)	6.4 (1.0)/5.5 (1.4)	0.001
Hypoxemia (oxygen saturation ≤ 90 %), (no/yes)	18 (21)/69 (79)	6.3 (1.2)/5.1 (1.4)	< 0.001
Hypotension (mean arterial pressure ≤ 60 mmHg), (no/yes)	12 (14)/75 (86)	6.2 (1.1)/5.2 (1.8)	0.01
Intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP), (no/yes)	51 (59)/36 /41)	6.7 (0.8)/5.6 (1.4)	< 0.001
CT head (Marshall score), mean (range)	2.6 (0 - 6)		< 0.001
Presence of tSAH, (no/yes)	57 (65)/30 (35)	6.0 (1.8) /4.9 (2.3)	0.03
Presence of EDH, (no/yes)	18 (21)/69 (79)	5.1 (2.3)/5.8 (2.1)	0.25
Presence of SDH, (no/yes)	44 (50)/43 (50)	5.7 (2.1)/4.8 (2.3)	0.02
Presence of IVH, (no/yes)	29 (34)/58 (66)	5.7 (2.2)/4.4 (2.2)	< 0.001
Length of acute hospital stay, days median (IQR)	23 (30)		< 0.001
MRI findings one year post-injury, DAI mean (range)	1.2 (0 - 3)		< 0.001
Dilated perivascular space (no/yes)	58 (67)/29 (33)	6.1 (1.4)/6.0 (1.0)	0.10
Cortical contusions (no/yes)	30 (35)/57 (65)	6.2 (1.3)/6.0 (1.3)	0.57
Sub-cortical lesions (no/yes)	68 (78)/19 (22)	6.3 (1.0)/4.9 (1.6)	< 0.001

Table 1. Pre-analysis of Patients Characteristics (Independent Variables) in Relation to GOSE (Dependent Variable) One-year Post-injury (n = 87)

Independent variables

n (%)

GOSE mean (SD)

P-value*

P-values* reported are from the simple regression analysis.

Gender: M/F

65 (75)/32 (25)

5.7 (2.0)/ 5.9 (2.3)

0.12

Age at onset (years), mean (range)

31 (16 - 55)

0.27

Marital status (pre-injury)

Living with a spouse/ Living alone

53 (61)/34 (39)

5.8 (2.1)/5.7 (2.3)

0.51

Education (pre-injury)

≤ 12 years / > 12 years

48 (52)/39 (45)

5.2 (2.39/6.7 (1.2)

0.22

Cause of injury

Transport accidents/Others

52 (60)/35 (40)

5.5 (2.2)/6.0 (2.2)

0.14

Substance use at injury time (no/yes)

42 (48)/45 (52)

5.8 (1.8)/6.0 (1.8)

0.85

Severity of injury

GCS, mean (SD)

7.1 (3.3)

< 0.001

ISS, mean (SD)

31.8 (12.7)

0.001

Dilated pupils (no/yes)

28 (32)/59 (68)

6.4 (1.0)/5.5 (1.4)

0.001

Hypoxemia (oxygen saturation ≤ 90 %), (no/yes)

18 (21)/69 (79)

6.3 (1.2)/5.1 (1.4)

< 0.001

Hypotension (mean arterial pressure ≤ 60 mmHg), (no/yes)

12 (14)/75 (86)

6.2 (1.1)/5.2 (1.8)

0.01

Intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP), (no/yes)

51 (59)/36 /41)

6.7 (0.8)/5.6 (1.4)

< 0.001

CT head (Marshall score), mean (range)

2.6 (0 - 6)

< 0.001

Presence of tSAH, (no/yes)

57 (65)/30 (35)

6.0 (1.8) /4.9 (2.3)

0.03

Presence of EDH, (no/yes)

18 (21)/69 (79)

5.1 (2.3)/5.8 (2.1)

0.25

Presence of SDH, (no/yes)

44 (50)/43 (50)

5.7 (2.1)/4.8 (2.3)

0.02

Presence of IVH, (no/yes)

29 (34)/58 (66)

5.7 (2.2)/4.4 (2.2)

< 0.001

Length of acute hospital stay, days median (IQR)

23 (30)

< 0.001

MRI findings one year post-injury, DAI mean (range)

1.2 (0 - 3)

< 0.001

Dilated perivascular space (no/yes)

58 (67)/29 (33)

6.1 (1.4)/6.0 (1.0)

0.10

Cortical contusions (no/yes)

30 (35)/57 (65)

6.2 (1.3)/6.0 (1.3)

0.57

Sub-cortical lesions (no/yes)

68 (78)/19 (22)

6.3 (1.0)/4.9 (1.6)

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Relationship Between CT, MRI and GOSE. Multivariate Stepwise Regression Model
Variables	B Coefficient ( 95% CI)	b	p-value
R² for the model 0.46; Adjusted R² 0.45.
Constant	8.71		< 0.001*
CT	-0.20 (-0.42 to 0.03)	-0.16	0.08
MRI	-0.42 (-0.66 to -0.18)	-0.31	0.001*
Length of acute hospital stay	-1.26 (-1.80 to -0.72)	-0.42	< 0.001*

Table 2. Relationship Between CT, MRI and GOSE. Multivariate Stepwise Regression Model

Variables

B Coefficient ( 95% CI)

p-value

R² for the model 0.46; Adjusted R² 0.45.

Constant

8.71

< 0.001*

-0.20 (-0.42 to 0.03)

-0.16

0.08

MRI

-0.42 (-0.66 to -0.18)

-0.31

0.001*

Length of acute hospital stay

-1.26 (-1.80 to -0.72)

-0.42

< 0.001*

**Table 3.** Correlation Matrix of Variables in Multivariate Regression Model
Variables	MRI findings	GCS	ISS	Dilated pupils	Hypoxia	Hypotension	ICP monitoring	IVH	Subcortical lesions	Length of stay	GOSE
p < 0.01; *p < 0.001.
CT findings	0.36**	-0.38**	0.21	0.26	0.24	0.07	0.42**	0.24	0.29*	0.36**	-0.42**
MRI findings		-0.49**	0.39**	0.25	0.29*	0.19	0.45**	0.31*	0.58**	0.34**	-0.50**
GCS			-0.33*	-0.27	-0.29*	-0.17	-0.52**	-0.29*	-0.40**	-0.44**	0.42**
ISS				0.25	0.34**	0.38**	0.40**	0.19	0.26*	0.57**	0.35**
Dilated pupils					0.32*	0.23	0.31*	0.19	0.26*	0.32*	-0.34**
Hypoxia						0.54**	0.26	0.36**	0.25*	0.37**	-0.37**
Hypotension							0.13	0.14	0.22	0.24	-0.26*
ICP monitoring								0.20	0.36**	0.52**	-0.39**
IVH									0.26*	0.38**	-0.43**
Subcortical lesions										0.28*	-0.44**
Length of hospital stay											-0.57**

Table 3. Correlation Matrix of Variables in Multivariate Regression Model

Variables

MRI findings

GCS

ISS

Dilated pupils

Hypoxia

Hypotension

ICP monitoring

IVH

Subcortical lesions

Length of stay

GOSE

*p < 0.01; **p < 0.001.

CT findings

0.36**

-0.38**

0.21

0.26

0.24

0.07

0.42**

0.24

0.29*

0.36**

-0.42**

MRI findings

-0.49**

0.39**

0.25

0.29*

0.19

0.45**

0.31*

0.58**

0.34**

-0.50**

GCS

-0.33*

-0.27

-0.29*

-0.17

-0.52**

-0.29*

-0.40**

-0.44**

0.42**

ISS

0.25

0.34**

0.38**

0.40**

0.19

0.26*

0.57**

0.35**

Dilated pupils

0.32*

0.23

0.31*

0.19

0.26*

0.32*

-0.34**

Hypoxia

0.54**

0.26

0.36**

0.25*

0.37**

-0.37**

Hypotension

0.13

0.14

0.22

0.24

-0.26*

ICP monitoring

0.20

0.36**

0.52**

-0.39**

IVH

0.26*

0.38**

-0.43**

Subcortical lesions

0.28*

-0.44**

Length of hospital stay

-0.57**