J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 2-3, June 2014, pages 51-62

Early-Adult Life Correlates of Personality in Parkinson’s Disease

**Table 1.** Current Personality Measures and Early-Adult Life Personality Indicators
Variable	Description	Instrument of origin	Score (range)
*Range after standardization of component item scores and calculation of latent variable.
Openness	Inventive and curious (higher score) rather than cautious (lower score)	NEO	10 - 50
Conscientiousness	Efficient and organized (higher score) rather than easy-going and careless (lower score)	NEO	12 - 60
Extraversion	Outgoing and energetic (higher score) rather than shy and reserved (lower score)	NEO	12 - 60
Agreeableness	Friendly and compassionate (higher score) rather than cold and unkind (lower score)	NEO	12 - 60
Neuroticism	Sensitive and nervous (higher score) rather than secure and confident (lower score)	NEO	12 - 60
Novelty-seeking	Easily angered, curious, easily bored, impulsive, extravagant and disorderly (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)	TCI	0 - 20
Harm-avoidance	Exhibited as fear, inhibition of behavior in response to punishment or non-reward, and pessimism (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)	TCI	0 - 20
Reward-dependence	Attachment, sentimentality, social sensitivity and dependence on approval by others (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)	TCI	0 - 15
Persistence	Ambition, industriousness, determination and perfectionism (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)	TCI	0 - 5
Self-directedness	Responsible, reliable, resourceful, goal-oriented and self-confident (higher scores indicate greater presence of the character)	TCI	0 - 25
Cooperativeness	Perception of oneself as part of society; empathetic, tolerant and compassionate (higher scores indicate greater presence of the character)	TCI	0 - 25
Self-transcendence	Perception of oneself as part of the universe as a whole; spiritual, unpretentious, humble and fulfilled (higher scores indicate greater presence of the character)	TCI	0 - 15
Early-adult routinization	Preference for regularity in daily activities and routines ages 20 - 35 years	Routinization instrument (Supplementary 1)	0.10 - 0.56*
Early-adult activity risks	Engagement in risky activities ages 20 - 35 years scores	Risk taking instruments (Supplementary 2 and Supplementary 3)	0.65 - 3.77*
Early-adult lifestyle risks	Engagement in risky behaviors (smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol) ages 20 - 35 years	Smoking and drinking histories (pack-years and drink-years)	0.53 - 3.08*

Table 1. Current Personality Measures and Early-Adult Life Personality Indicators

Variable

Description

Instrument of origin

Score (range)

*Range after standardization of component item scores and calculation of latent variable.

Openness

Inventive and curious (higher score) rather than cautious (lower score)

NEO

10 - 50

Conscientiousness

Efficient and organized (higher score) rather than easy-going and careless (lower score)

NEO

12 - 60

Extraversion

Outgoing and energetic (higher score) rather than shy and reserved (lower score)

NEO

12 - 60

Agreeableness

Friendly and compassionate (higher score) rather than cold and unkind (lower score)

NEO

12 - 60

Neuroticism

Sensitive and nervous (higher score) rather than secure and confident (lower score)

NEO

12 - 60

Novelty-seeking

Easily angered, curious, easily bored, impulsive, extravagant and disorderly (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)

TCI

0 - 20

Harm-avoidance

Exhibited as fear, inhibition of behavior in response to punishment or non-reward, and pessimism (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)

TCI

0 - 20

Reward-dependence

Attachment, sentimentality, social sensitivity and dependence on approval by others (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)

TCI

0 - 15

Persistence

Ambition, industriousness, determination and perfectionism (higher scores indicate greater presence of the temperament)

TCI

0 - 5

Self-directedness

Responsible, reliable, resourceful, goal-oriented and self-confident (higher scores indicate greater presence of the character)

TCI

0 - 25

Cooperativeness

Perception of oneself as part of society; empathetic, tolerant and compassionate (higher scores indicate greater presence of the character)

TCI

0 - 25

Self-transcendence

Perception of oneself as part of the universe as a whole; spiritual, unpretentious, humble and fulfilled (higher scores indicate greater presence of the character)

TCI

0 - 15

Early-adult routinization

Preference for regularity in daily activities and routines ages 20 - 35 years

Routinization instrument (Supplementary 1)

0.10 - 0.56*

Early-adult activity risks

Engagement in risky activities ages 20 - 35 years scores

Risk taking instruments (Supplementary 2 and Supplementary 3)

0.65 - 3.77*

Early-adult lifestyle risks

Engagement in risky behaviors (smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol) ages 20 - 35 years

Smoking and drinking histories (pack-years and drink-years)

0.53 - 3.08*

**Table 2.** Routinization Factor Loadings (Based on Controls)
Item	Factor 1 (routinization)	Factor 2 (externally influenced experiences)
Average loadings (early-adult and current)
In general, I like(d) to do the same things each day.	0.59	0.06
I like(d) to wake up and go to bed at the same time each day.	0.55	-0.12
I like(d) to eat my meals at the same time each day.	0.72	-0.15
I like(d) to try new or different foods.	0.14	0.71
I usually sit/sat in the same seat when doing certain activities (for example, reading, watching TV, eating).	0.65	-0.12
I usually put personal objects back in the same place each time I use(d) them.	0.40	-0.27
I like(d) to plan my days out in advance.	0.42	-0.50
Other people think/thought I am/was “set in my ways.”	0.67	-0.08
I think I am/was “set in my ways.”	0.74	-0.12
I like(d) to meet new people.	0.32	0.76
I like(d) to try new things that I have never done before.	0.46	0.74

Table 2. Routinization Factor Loadings (Based on Controls)

Item

Factor 1 (routinization)

Factor 2 (externally influenced experiences)

Average loadings (early-adult and current)

In general, I like(d) to do the same things each day.

0.59

0.06

I like(d) to wake up and go to bed at the same time each day.

0.55

-0.12

I like(d) to eat my meals at the same time each day.

0.72

-0.15

I like(d) to try new or different foods.

0.14

0.71

I usually sit/sat in the same seat when doing certain activities (for example, reading, watching TV, eating).

0.65

-0.12

I usually put personal objects back in the same place each time I use(d) them.

0.40

-0.27

I like(d) to plan my days out in advance.

0.42

-0.50

Other people think/thought I am/was “set in my ways.”

0.67

-0.08

I think I am/was “set in my ways.”

0.74

-0.12

I like(d) to meet new people.

0.32

0.76

I like(d) to try new things that I have never done before.

0.46

0.74

**Table 3.** Comparison of Participants and Refusals
	Participants (cases n = 89; controls n = 99)	Refusals (cases n = 68; controls n= 108)	P value
^aMean ± SD (range).
Age, in years^a	Cases	68.47 ± 8.00	68.46 ± 7.65	0.99
	Controls	67.31 ± 6.96	66.64 ± 7.50	0.50
Sex (% male)	Cases	65.17	55.88	0.24
	Controls	44.44	45.37	0.89

Table 3. Comparison of Participants and Refusals

Participants (cases n = 89; controls n = 99)

Refusals (cases n = 68; controls n= 108)

P value

^aMean ± SD (range).

Age, in years^a

Cases

68.47 ± 8.00

68.46 ± 7.65

0.99

Controls

67.31 ± 6.96

66.64 ± 7.50

0.50

Sex (% male)

Cases

65.17

55.88

0.24

Controls

44.44

45.37

0.89

**Table 4.** Demographic and Personality Characteristics of 89 Cases and 99 Controls: Means, Standard Deviations and Ranges (Where Applicable)
	Cases	Controls
^aMean ± SD (range). *P < 0.05 cases compared to controls (crude).
Age, in years^a	68.47 ± 8.00 (50 - 80)	68.74 ± 8.10 (50 - 80)	67.97 ± 7.91 (51 - 79)	67.31 ± 6.96 (50 - 80)	69.05 ± 6.44 (55 - 80)	65.93 ± 7.11 (50 - 79)
Sex (% male)	65.17*	n/a	n/a	44.44*	n/a	n/a
Smoking (% ever smoked)	49.44	53.45	41.94	52.53	63.64	43.64
Alcohol (% ever drank)	85.39	91.38	74.19	81.82	86.36	78.18
Education - highest grade completed^a	14.81 ± 3.10 (8 - 24)*	15.21 ± 3.07 (8 - 24)	14.06 ± 3.08 (9 - 23)*	16.26 ± 3.54 (9 - 24)*	16.20 ± 3.41 (11 - 24)	16.31 ± 3.67 (9 - 24)*

Table 4. Demographic and Personality Characteristics of 89 Cases and 99 Controls: Means, Standard Deviations and Ranges (Where Applicable)

Cases

Controls

Total (N = 89)

Men (N = 58)

Women (N= 31)

Total (N =99)

Men (N =44)

Women (N= 55)

^aMean ± SD (range). *P < 0.05 cases compared to controls (crude).

Age, in years^a

68.47 ± 8.00 (50 - 80)

68.74 ± 8.10 (50 - 80)

67.97 ± 7.91 (51 - 79)

67.31 ± 6.96 (50 - 80)

69.05 ± 6.44 (55 - 80)

65.93 ± 7.11 (50 - 79)

Sex (% male)

65.17*

n/a

44.44*

n/a

Smoking (% ever smoked)

49.44

53.45

41.94

52.53

63.64

43.64

Alcohol (% ever drank)

85.39

91.38

74.19

81.82

86.36

78.18

Education - highest grade completed^a

14.81 ± 3.10 (8 - 24)*

15.21 ± 3.07 (8 - 24)

14.06 ± 3.08 (9 - 23)*

16.26 ± 3.54 (9 - 24)*

16.20 ± 3.41 (11 - 24)

16.31 ± 3.67 (9 - 24)*

**Table 5.** Early-Adult Personality Item Factor Loadings (Based on Controls)
Item	Factor 1 (activity risks)	Factor 2 (lifestyle risks)	Factor 3 (routinization)
Average loadings (early-adult and current)
Routinization score	-0.03	0.04	0.93
Risky behavior score	0.55	0.05	-0.53
Risky activities: risk taking score	0.81	0.12	-0.02
Risky activities: sensation-seeking score	0.81	-0.02	-0.07
Smoking (pack-years)	0.06	0.78	-0.13
Alcohol consumption (drink-years)	0.01	0.83	0.14

Table 5. Early-Adult Personality Item Factor Loadings (Based on Controls)

Item

Factor 1 (activity risks)

Factor 2 (lifestyle risks)

Factor 3 (routinization)

Average loadings (early-adult and current)

Routinization score

-0.03

0.04

0.93

Risky behavior score

0.55

0.05

-0.53

Risky activities: risk taking score

0.81

0.12

-0.02

Risky activities: sensation-seeking score

0.81

-0.02

-0.07

Smoking (pack-years)

0.06

0.78

-0.13

Alcohol consumption (drink-years)

0.01

0.83

0.14

**Table 6.** Association of Current Personality Traits With PD (OR (95% CI))
Effect	Unadjusted model	Adjusted model^a
^aAdjusted for age, sex and education. ^bCurrent traits as measured by NEO. ^cCurrent traits as measured by TCI. *P < 0.05.
Neuroticism^b	1.04 (1.00 - 1.09)	1.05 (1.00 - 1.11)*
Extraversion^b	0.99 (0.94 - 1.04)	1.00 (0.95 - 1.06)
Openness^b	0.94 (0.89 - 0.98)*	0.98 (0.91 - 1.05)
Agreeableness^b	0.99 (0.93 - 1.05)	1.03 (0.96 - 1.10)
Conscientiousness^b	0.96 (0.91 - 1.01)	0.96 (0.91 - 1.01)
Novelty-seeking^c	1.08 (0.98 - 1.19)	1.09 (0.99 - 1.21)
Harm-avoidance^c	1.05 (0.99 - 1.12)	1.07 (1.00 - 1.15)*
Reward dependence^c	0.95 (0.86 - 1.05)	0.96 (0.86 - 1.07)
Persistence^c	1.07 (0.88 - 1.29)	1.09 (0.88 - 1.34)
Self-directiveness^c	0.91 (0.83 - 0.99)*	0.92 (0.84 - 1.01)
Cooperativeness^c	0.86 (0.76 - 0.98)	0.89 (0.78 - 1.02)
Self-transcendence^c	0.97 (0.91 - 1.05)	0.96 (0.89 - 1.04)

Table 6. Association of Current Personality Traits With PD (OR (95% CI))

Effect

Unadjusted model

Adjusted model^a

^aAdjusted for age, sex and education. ^bCurrent traits as measured by NEO. ^cCurrent traits as measured by TCI. *P < 0.05.

Neuroticism^b

1.04 (1.00 - 1.09)

1.05 (1.00 - 1.11)*

Extraversion^b

0.99 (0.94 - 1.04)

1.00 (0.95 - 1.06)

Openness^b

0.94 (0.89 - 0.98)*

0.98 (0.91 - 1.05)

Agreeableness^b

0.99 (0.93 - 1.05)

1.03 (0.96 - 1.10)

Conscientiousness^b

0.96 (0.91 - 1.01)

Novelty-seeking^c

1.08 (0.98 - 1.19)

1.09 (0.99 - 1.21)

Harm-avoidance^c

1.05 (0.99 - 1.12)

1.07 (1.00 - 1.15)*

Reward dependence^c

0.95 (0.86 - 1.05)

0.96 (0.86 - 1.07)

Persistence^c

1.07 (0.88 - 1.29)

1.09 (0.88 - 1.34)

Self-directiveness^c

0.91 (0.83 - 0.99)*

0.92 (0.84 - 1.01)

Cooperativeness^c

0.86 (0.76 - 0.98)

0.89 (0.78 - 1.02)

Self-transcendence^c

0.97 (0.91 - 1.05)

0.96 (0.89 - 1.04)

**Table 7.** Partial Correlation Coefficients for Early-Adult Indicators and Current Personality Measures
Current personality measure	Activity risks^†	Lifestyle risks^†	Routinization^†
^†Adjusted for age, sex and education. *P < 0.05.
Neuroticism	Cases	-0.33*	-0.11	0.33*
	Controls	-0.15	-0.07	0.26*
Extraversion	Cases	0.24	-0.03	-0.33*
	Controls	0.37*	0.02	-0.33*
Openness	Cases	-0.02	-0.16	-0.01
	Controls	0.26*	0.08	-0.33*
Agreeableness	Cases	-0.09	-0.06	0.19
	Controls	-0.15	-0.20	-0.01
Conscientiousness	Cases	0.03	0.27	0.15
	Controls	0.20	0.03	-0.02
Novelty-seeking	Cases	0.23	0.07	-0.33*
	Controls	0.21	0.08	-0.34*
Harm-avoidance	Cases	-0.47*	-0.15	0.47*
	Controls	-0.42*	-0.08	0.45*
Reward dependence	Cases	-0.25	-0.21	0.14
	Controls	0.12	-0.19	0.03
Persistence	Cases	-0.01	0.02	0.09
	Controls	0.07	0.07	-0.06
Self-directiveness	Cases	0.17	0.11	-0.01
	Controls	0.14	0.15	0.03
Cooperativeness	Cases	-0.12	0.17	0.12
	Controls	0.11	-0.11	-0.13
Self -transcendence	Cases	-0.04	0.05	-0.04
	Controls	0.04	-0.22	-0.02

Table 7. Partial Correlation Coefficients for Early-Adult Indicators and Current Personality Measures

Current personality measure

Activity risks^†

Lifestyle risks^†

Routinization^†

^†Adjusted for age, sex and education. *P < 0.05.

Neuroticism

Cases

-0.33*

-0.11

0.33*

Controls

-0.15

-0.07

0.26*

Extraversion

Cases

0.24

-0.03

-0.33*

Controls

0.37*

0.02

-0.33*

Openness

Cases

-0.02

-0.16

-0.01

Controls

0.26*

0.08

-0.33*

Agreeableness

Cases

-0.09

-0.06

0.19

Controls

-0.15

-0.20

-0.01

Conscientiousness

Cases

0.03

0.27

0.15

Controls

0.20

0.03

-0.02

Novelty-seeking

Cases

0.23

0.07

-0.33*

Controls

0.21

0.08

-0.34*

Harm-avoidance

Cases

-0.47*

-0.15

0.47*

Controls

-0.42*

-0.08

0.45*

Reward dependence

Cases

-0.25

-0.21

0.14

Controls

0.12

-0.19

0.03

Persistence

Cases

-0.01

0.02

0.09

Controls

0.07

-0.06

Self-directiveness

Cases

0.17

0.11

-0.01

Controls

0.14

0.15

0.03

Cooperativeness

Cases

-0.12

0.17

0.12

Controls

0.11

-0.11

-0.13

Self -transcendence

Cases

-0.04

0.05

-0.04

Controls

0.04

-0.22

-0.02