J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.neurores.org

Review

Volume 12, Number 2, August 2021, pages 54-68

Auditing the Impact of Neuro-Advancements on Health Equity

**Table 1.** Search Strategies Used to Obtain Quantitative Hit Counts
Strategy	Sources used	First search terms (abstract)	Second search terms (abstract)
SDH: social determinants of health; BLI: Better Life Index; CIWB: Canadian Index of Well-Being; CBR: community-based rehabilitation.
Strategy 1a	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Robot” OR “robotic”	Names of “the measures”
Strategy 1b	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	Names of “the measures”
Strategy 1c	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	50 neurotechnology-related terms	Names of “the measures”
Strategy 1d	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement” OR “neuro-enhancement” OR “moral enhancement” OR “cognitive enhancement*”	Names of the “the measures”
Strategy 2a	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Robot” OR “robotic”	Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 2b	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 2c	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	50 neurotechnology-related terms	Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 2d	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement” OR “neuro-enhancement” OR “moral enhancement” OR “cognitive enhancement*”	Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 3a	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Health equity” and strategy 1a first search terms
Strategy 3b	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“health equity” and strategy 1b first search terms
Strategy 3c	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Health equity” and strategy 1c first search terms
Strategy 3d	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Health equity” and strategy 1d first search terms
Strategy 3e	SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST	“Health equity” and “neuroethic*” or “neurotechnology governance” OR “neuro-governance”

Table 1. Search Strategies Used to Obtain Quantitative Hit Counts

Strategy

Sources used

First search terms (abstract)

Second search terms (abstract)

SDH: social determinants of health; BLI: Better Life Index; CIWB: Canadian Index of Well-Being; CBR: community-based rehabilitation.

Strategy 1a

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Robot*” OR “robotic*”

Names of “the measures”

Strategy 1b

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

Names of “the measures”

Strategy 1c

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

50 neurotechnology-related terms

Names of “the measures”

Strategy 1d

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

Names of the “the measures”

Strategy 2a

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Robot*” OR “robotic*”

Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI

Strategy 2b

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI

Strategy 2c

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

50 neurotechnology-related terms

Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI

Strategy 2d

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI

Strategy 3a

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Health equity” and strategy 1a first search terms

Strategy 3b

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“health equity” and strategy 1b first search terms

Strategy 3c

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Health equity” and strategy 1c first search terms

Strategy 3d

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Health equity” and strategy 1d first search terms

Strategy 3e

SCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST

“Health equity” and “neuroethic*” or “neurotechnology governance” OR “neuro-governance”

**Table 2.** Hit Counts for the Term Health Equity in Conjunction With Technologies and Neuroethics and Neurotechnology Governance
Terms	“Robotic” or “robot”	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	50 NT	“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement” OR “neuro-enhancement” OR “moral enhancement” OR “cognitive enhancement*”	“Neuroethic*” OR “neuro-governance” OR “neurotechnology governance”
Health equity	3	13	3	0	0

Table 2. Hit Counts for the Term Health Equity in Conjunction With Technologies and Neuroethics and Neurotechnology Governance

Terms

“Robotic*” or “robot*”

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

50 NT

“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

“Neuroethic*” OR “neuro-governance” OR “neurotechnology governance”

SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)

461,069 (100%)

353,233 (100%)

392,580 (100%)

4,611 (100%)

1,591 (100%)

Health equity

**Table 3.** Hit Counts for the Terms Used for the Various “Measures” in Conjunction With Technologies Covered or Health Equity
Terms related to “the measures”	Health equity	“Robotic” or “robot”	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	50 NT
Aqol	0	0	0	2
Better Life Index	0	0	1	0
Brief Inventory of Thriving	0	0	0	0
Calvert-Henderson Quality of Life	0	0	0	0
Canadian Index of Well-Being	0	0	0	0
Capability approach	7	16	5	3
Community-based rehabilitation	0	4	2	6
Community-based rehabilitation matrix	0	0	0	0
Community rehabilitation	0	6	0	8
Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving	0	0	0	0
Determinants of health	2288	2	53	11
Flourishing Scale	0	0	4	2
Index of Well-Being	0	0	0	0
Meaning in Life	2
Perceived Life Satisfaction	0	0	0	0
Satisfaction with Life Scale	0	0	0	7
Scale of Positive and Negative Experience	0	0	0	2
Social determinants of health	1616	0	41	5
“The Disability and Wellbeing Monitoring Framework and Indicators”	0	0	0	0
The Quality of Being Scale	0	0	0	0
Well-Being Index	3	2	5	7

Table 3. Hit Counts for the Terms Used for the Various “Measures” in Conjunction With Technologies Covered or Health Equity

Terms related to “the measures”

Health equity

“Robotic*” or “robot*”

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

50 NT

“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)

24,416 (100%)

461,069 (100%)

353,233 (100%)

392,580 (100%)

4,611 (100%)

Aqol

Better Life Index

Brief Inventory of Thriving

Calvert-Henderson Quality of Life

Canadian Index of Well-Being

Capability approach

Community-based rehabilitation

Community-based rehabilitation matrix

Community rehabilitation

Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving

Determinants of health

2288

Flourishing Scale

Index of Well-Being

Meaning in Life

Perceived Life Satisfaction

Satisfaction with Life Scale

Scale of Positive and Negative Experience

Social determinants of health

1616

“The Disability and Wellbeing Monitoring Framework and Indicators”

The Quality of Being Scale

Well-Being Index

**Table 4.** Presence of Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered
Terms	Secondary indicator	“Robotic” or “robot”	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	50 NT	“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement” OR “neuro-enhancement” OR “moral enhancement” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
Health		7,965	19,380	18,049	486
	Healthcare/health care	4,195	8,532	4,427	29
	Assistive technology/assistive technologies/assistive device	1,340	238	719	13
	Health promotion	24	58	57	2
	Health prevention	0	6	5	0
	Rehabilitation	11,633	1,132	14,827	65
Education		76,176	6,467	10,798	145
	Childhood education	0	0	0	19
	Primary education	41	10	24	0
	Secondary education	62	25	35	1
	Non-formal	26	9	5	0
	Life-long learning	78	5	24	0
Livelihood		31	94	6	0
	Skills development	2,884	1,556	3,862	0
	Self-Employment	2	1	0	0
	Financial services	18	116	5	0
	Wage employment	0	1	0	0
	Social protection	0	3	1	0
Social		14,789	19,038	18,170	459
	Social relationship	116	111	76	0
	Family	3,187	5,221	9,088	38
	Personal Assistance	67	11	4	0
	Culture	1,998	2,205	5,487	29
	Arts	11,694	26,077	6,327	15
	Sport	1,105	1,310	1,553	30
	Leisure	1,112	1,241	1,893	0
	Access to justice	0	0	0	0
Empowerment		74	160	95	0
	Communication	26,533	14,539	14,110	20
	Social mobilization	0	2	1	0
	Political participation	1	6	4	0
	Self-help groups	1	3	5	0
	Disabled people’s organizations	0	0	0	0

Table 4. Presence of Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered

Terms

Secondary indicator

“Robotic*” or “robot*”

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

50 NT

“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)

461,069 (100%)

353,233 (100%)

392,580 (100%)

4,611 (100%)

Health

7,965

19,380

18,049

486

Healthcare/health care

4,195

8,532

4,427

Assistive technology/assistive technologies/assistive device

1,340

238

719

Health promotion

Health prevention

Rehabilitation

11,633

1,132

14,827

Education

76,176

6,467

10,798

145

Childhood education

Primary education

Secondary education

Non-formal

Life-long learning

Livelihood

Skills development

2,884

1,556

3,862

Self-Employment

Financial services

116

Wage employment

Social protection

Social

14,789

19,038

18,170

459

Social relationship

116

111

Family

3,187

5,221

9,088

Personal Assistance

Culture

1,998

2,205

5,487

Arts

11,694

26,077

6,327

Sport

1,105

1,310

1,553

Leisure

1,112

1,241

1,893

Access to justice

Empowerment

160

Communication

26,533

14,539

14,110

Social mobilization

Political participation

Self-help groups

Disabled people’s organizations

**Table 5.** Presence of Canadian Index of Wellbeing Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered
Terms	Secondary indicator	“Robotic” or “robot”	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	50 NT	“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement” OR “neuro-enhancement” OR “moral enhancement” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
Social relationships		116	111	76	0
	Social engagement	83	27	56	0
	Social Support	58	85	333	10
	Community safety	0	2	0	0
Social norms		106	52	160	13
	Attitudes toward others	0	0	0	0
Democratic engagement		0	0	0	0
	Participation	2,437	1,296	2,735	13
	Communication	26,533	14,539	14,110	20
	Leadership	442	457	230	3
Education		7,616	6,467	10,789	145
	Competencies	631	537	806	13
	Knowledge	77,132	43,227	18,947	151
	Skill	11,539	5,122	14,857	68
Environment		93,220	29,875	35,037	143
	Air	False positive (FP)	FP	FP	0
	Energy	FP	FP	FP	0
	Freshwater	FP	FP	FP	0
	Non-renewable material	FP	FP	FP	0
	Biotic resources	FP	FP	FP	0
Healthy population		1,919	18	214	5
	Personal wellbeing	0	2	2	0
	Physical health	45	93	286	1
	Life expectancy	2,553	2,986	4,253	0
	Mental health	204	1,042	2,657	55
	Functional health	8	9	10	0
	Lifestyle	218	827	960	38
	Public health	155	1,956	1,548	27
	Healthcare/health care	4,149	8,534	4,467	29
Culture		1,998	2,205	5,487	29
Leisure		1,112	1,241	1,893	0
Living standard		39	40	13	0
	Income	382	169	778	6
	Economic security	11	15	1	0
Time		ND	ND	ND	ND

Table 5. Presence of Canadian Index of Wellbeing Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered

Terms

Secondary indicator

“Robotic*” or “robot*”

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

50 NT

“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)

461,069 (100%)

353,233 (100%)

392,580 (100%)

4,611 (100%)

Social relationships

116

111

Social engagement

Social Support

333

Community safety

Social norms

106

160

Attitudes toward others

Democratic engagement

Participation

2,437

1,296

2,735

Communication

26,533

14,539

14,110

Leadership

442

457

230

Education

7,616

6,467

10,789

145

Competencies

631

537

806

Knowledge

77,132

43,227

18,947

151

Skill

11,539

5,122

14,857

Environment

93,220

29,875

35,037

143

Air

False positive (FP)

Energy

Freshwater

Non-renewable material

Biotic resources

Healthy population

1,919

214

Personal wellbeing

Physical health

286

Life expectancy

2,553

2,986

4,253

Mental health

204

1,042

2,657

Functional health

Lifestyle

218

827

960

Public health

155

1,956

1,548

Healthcare/health care

4,149

8,534

4,467

Culture

1,998

2,205

5,487

Leisure

1,112

1,241

1,893

Living standard

Income

382

169

778

Economic security

Time

**Table 6.** Presence of Better Life Index Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered
Terms	“Robotic” or “robot”	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	50 NT	“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement” OR “neuro-enhancement” OR “moral enhancement” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
Housing	568	381	139	6
Income	470	1,069	778	6
Jobs	2,555	2,337	384	43
Community	5,931	12,490	5,540	65
Education	7,616	6,467	10,789	145
Environment	93,220	29,875	35,037	143
Physical environment	519	152	343	0
Civic engagement	3	9	4	0
Health	7,965	19,380	18,049	486
Life satisfaction	9	31	48	2
Safety	17,975	6,692	9,841	129
Work life balance	4	5	2	0

Table 6. Presence of Better Life Index Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered

Terms

“Robotic*” or “robot*”

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

50 NT

“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)

461,069 (100%)

353,233 (100%)

392,580 (100%)

4,611 (100%)

Housing

568

381

139

Income

470

1,069

778

Jobs

2,555

2,337

384

Community

5,931

12,490

5,540

Education

7,616

6,467

10,789

145

Environment

93,220

29,875

35,037

143

Physical environment

519

152

343

Civic engagement

Health

7,965

19,380

18,049

486

Life satisfaction

Safety

17,975

6,692

9,841

129

Work life balance

**Table 7.** Presence of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Indicators in Conjunction With the Technologies Covered
Terms	“Robotic” or “robot”	“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”	50 NT	“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement” OR “neuro-enhancement” OR “moral enhancement” OR “cognitive enhancement”
Canadian indicators of SDH
Income	470	1069	778	6
Education	7,616	6,467	10,789	145
Unemployment	213	286	31	0
Job security	15	5	1	0
Employment	1,106	1,121	692	54
Early childhood development	2	6	23	19
Food insecurity	4	21	3	55
Housing	568	381	139	6
Social exclusion	18	18	97	0
Social safety network	0	0	0	0
Health services	143	381	320
“Aboriginal” OR “first nations” OR “Metis” OR “indigenous people” OR “Inuit”	16	21	30	0
Gender	1,648	2,395	5,484	45
“Women with disabilities” OR “disabled women”	0	0	0	0
Race	ND	ND	ND	ND
Immigration	28	60	27	0
Globalization	200	287	145	0
Other social determinants of health indicators
Coping	538	435	817	20
Discrimination	1046	3538	5454	29
Genetic	7,222	14,400	16,198	98
Stress	4,639	3,725	9,660	230
Transportation	3,519	2,986	472	2
Vocational training	27	9	50	2
Social integration	16	12	53	0
Advocacy	20	68	154	3
Literacy	344	385	390	2
Race	FP	FP	FP	FP
Ethnic	53	282	483	0
Walkability	6	13	7	0
Physical environment	519	152	343	0
Social engagement	77	27	56	0
Social status	16	26	54	0

Table 7. Presence of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Indicators in Conjunction With the Technologies Covered

Terms

“Robotic*” or “robot*”

“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”

50 NT

“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”

SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)

461,069 (100%)

353,233 (100%)

392,580 (100%)

4,611 (100%)

Canadian indicators of SDH

Income

470

1069

778

Education

7,616

6,467

10,789

145

Unemployment

213

286

Job security

Employment

1,106

1,121

692

Early childhood development

Food insecurity

Housing

568

381

139

Social exclusion

Social safety network

Health services

143

381

320

“Aboriginal” OR “first nations” OR “Metis” OR “indigenous people” OR “Inuit”

Gender

1,648

2,395

5,484

“Women with disabilities” OR “disabled women”

Race

Immigration

Globalization

200

287

145

Other social determinants of health indicators

Coping

538

435

817

Discrimination

1046

3538

5454

Genetic

7,222

14,400

16,198

Stress

4,639

3,725

9,660

230

Transportation

3,519

2,986

472

Vocational training

Social integration

Advocacy

154

Literacy

344

385

390

Race

Ethnic

282

483

Walkability

Physical environment

519

152

343

Social engagement

Social status