| Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website https://www.neurores.org |
Review
Volume 13, Number 1, September 2023, pages 1-11
High Wall Shear Incites Cerebral Aneurysm Formation and Low Wall Shear Stress Propagates Cerebral Aneurysm Growth
Tables
| References | WSS | Growth pattern | Vessel wall changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA: cerebral aneurysms; SMC: smooth muscle cell; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; COX: cyclooxygenase. | |||
| Stehbens, 1992 [48] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Loss of normal phenotype of endothelial cells and endothelial damage |
| Steiger, 1990 [56] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Fragmentation of internal elastic lamina |
| Meng et al, 2007 [58] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Disruption of internal elastic lamina |
| Loss of medial SMCs | |||
| Reduced proliferation of vascular SMCs | |||
| Loss of fibronectin | |||
| Fukuda et al, 2000 [60] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Fragmentation of endothelial cell plasma membrane |
| Endothelial cell vacuolization | |||
| Endothelial cell damage with/without nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuolization | |||
| Kolega et al, 2011 [64] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Endothelial cell damage |
| Endothelial cell turnover | |||
| MMP production by mural cells | |||
| Mural cell apoptosis | |||
| Jamous et al, 2007 [65] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Fragmentation of endothelial cell plasma membrane |
| Endothelial cell vacuolization | |||
| Endothelial cell damage with/without nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuolization | |||
| Dolan et al, 2012 [66] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Endothelial cell turnover |
| Hoi et al, 2008 [67] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | MMP production by endothelial cells |
| Wang et al, 2009 [68] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Endothelial cell loss |
| Pawlowska et al, 2018 [69] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Increased interleukin-1β production |
| Taylor et al, 2015 [70] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Migration of SMC from media to intima |
| Change of SMC phenotype from contractile to secretory with MMP production by SMC | |||
| Shi et al, 2011 [71] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Increased PDGF and FGF-2 released from SMCs |
| Papadaki et al, 1998 [72] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Increased tPA production |
| Fukada et al, 2015 [73] | High WSS | Initiation of CA formation | Increased NF-κB and COX-2 |
| References | WSS | Growth pattern | Vessel wall changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| EC: endothelial cell; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; PGI2: prostaglandin I2; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator; SMC: smooth muscle cell. | |||
| Tateshima et al, 2003 [92] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Not assessed |
| Shojma et al, 2004 [4] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Not assessed |
| Boussel et al, 2008 [94] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Disorganization of endothelium, increased production of vasoconstrictive and inflammatory agents |
| Increased apoptosis of ECs | |||
| Skodvin et al, 2017 [95] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Not assessed |
| Turjman et al, 2014 [96] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Reorganized ECs with cuboidal shape; promoted thrombosis and leukocyte adhesion |
| Ross et al, 1976 [97] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | SMC proliferation and migration |
| Thrombus formation | |||
| Malek et al, 1999 [114] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Endothelial cell upregulation of ICAM, VCAM, interleukin-1, reactive oxygen species |
| Qiu et al, 2017 [115] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Increased inflammatory cell infiltration |
| Galis et al, 2002 [116] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | MMP production by macrophages |
| Lu et al, 2011 [117] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Decreased production of PGI2, leading to atherosclerotic changes; increased oxidative stress |
| Zhou et al, 2017 [118] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Increased selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling |
| Papadaki et al, 1998 [72] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Decreased tPA production |
| Chiu et al, 2011 [119] | Low WSS | Growth and expansion of CA | Increased reactive oxygen species formation |