Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 1, June 2024, pages 8-15


Effectiveness of Relaxation and Respiratory Exercise on Sleep Quality, Depression and Spasticity in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients: Preliminary Findings

Tables

Table 1. Comparison of Demographic Characteristics of Patients
 
Group 1 (n = 15), mean ± SDGroup 2 (n = 15), mean ± SDPa
aIndependent sample t-test. Group 1: Bobath exercises group. Group 2: Bobath exercises, breathing, and relaxation exercises. BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.
Age (years)52.06 ± 8.8657.13 ± 9.290.138
Height (m)1.71 ± 0.091.70 ± 0.080.759
Weight (kg)79.73 ± 11.6578.46 ± 10.860.760
BMI (kg/m2)27.13 ± 4.1527.00 ± 2.420.915

 

Table 2. Distribution of Patients According to Gender, Marital Status and Education Level
 
Group 1, n (%)Group 2, n (%)Chi-square (Pa)
aSquare test. Group 1: Bobath exercises group. Group 2: Bobath exercises, breathing and relaxation exercises.
Gender
  Female4 (26.6%)6 (40%)0.705
  Male11 (73.34%)9 (60%)
Marital status
  Married13 (86.7%)13 (86.7%)1.000
  Single2 (13.3%)2 (13.3%)
Education level
  Secondary school4 (26.7%)2 (13.3%)0.377
  Middle school7 (46.7%)6 (40.0%)
  High school3 (20.0%)4 (26.7%)
  Undergraduate1 (6.7%)3 (20.0%)

 

Table 3. Comparison of PUKI Values of Patients Within and Between Groups
 
Pre-exercise, mean ± SD6 weeks after exercise, mean ± SDPaired sample t-testIn-group change, mean (CI)Effect sizeIndependent sample t-test
PaPb
aPaired sample t-test. bIndependent sample t-test. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. Group 1: Bobath exercises group. Group 2: Bobath exercises, breathing and relaxation exercises. PUKI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.
Subjective sleep quality
  Group 11.06 ± 1.160.86 ± 0.910.0820.20 (0.02 - 0.42)0.1720.387
  Group 20.60 ± 0.910.60 ± 0.731.0000.00 (0.20 - 0.20)0.000
Sleep latency
  Group 12.40 ± 0.502.13 ± 0.830.410.26 (0.06 - 0.59)0.5200.141
  Group 22.66 ± 0.701.73 ± 0.590.1640.53 (0.12 - 0.94)0.757
Sleep duration
  Group 10.33 ± 0.890.33 ± 0.890.420.00 (0.54 - 0.54)0.370.606
  Group 20.33 ± 0.480.20 ± 0.410.100.13 (0.39 - 0.65)0.27
Habitual sleep activity
  Group 12.00 ± 1.061.86 ± 1.060.1040.13 (0.15 - 0.41)0.1220.582
  Group 22.26 ± 1.031.66 ± 0.890.1630.60 (0.19 - 1.00)0.582
Sleep disorder
  Group 11.20 ± 0.411.13 ± 0.510.3340.06 (0.07 - 0.20)0.1460.271
  Group 21.06 ± 0.250.93 ± 0.450.034*0.13 (0.06 - 0.32)0.0520
Sleep medication
  Group 11.06 ± 1.160.73 ± 0.880.3320.33 (0.06 - 0.60)0.2840.352
  Group 20.73 ± 0.960.46 ± 0.630.0540.26 (0.01 - 0.52)0.270
Daytime dysfunction
  Group 10.53 ± 0.630.53 ± 0.630.3320.33 (0.18 - 0.85)0.140.422
  Group 20.86 ± 0.740.73 ± 0.700.04*0.20 (0.30 - 0.70)0.17
PUKI total result
  Group 18.60 ± 1.998.20 ± 1.560.0820.40 (0.05 - 0.85)0.2010.003**
  Group 27.26 ± 2.716.13 ± 1.920.03*1.13 (0.15 - 2.11)0.416

 

Table 4. Comparison of Patients’ In-Group and Between-Group HAD Values
 
Pre-exercise, mean ± SD6 weeks after exercise, mean ± SDPaired sample t-testIn-group change, mean (CI)Effect sizeIndependent sample t-test
PaPb
aPaired sample t-test. bIndependent sample t-test. *P < 0.05. Group 1: Bobath exercise group. Group 2: Bobath exercises, breathing and relaxation exercises. SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; HAD: Hospital Anxiety Depression; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
DHAD depression
  Group 19.72 ± 2.379.33 ± 2.090.1640.40 (0.18 - 0.98)0.1680.196
  Group 211.20 ± 2.5110.26 ± 1.750.017*0.93 (0.19 - 1.67)0.370
DHAD anxiety
  Group 19.13 ± 3.138.93 ± 3.030.5360.20 (0.46 - 0.86)0.0630.393
  Group 28.46 ± 2.618.06 ± 2.400.0820.40 (0.05 - 0.85)0.153

 

Table 5. Comparison of MAS Values of Patients Within and Between Groups
 
Pre-exercise, mean ± SD6 weeks after exercise, mean ± SDPaired sample t-testIn-group change, mean (CI)Effect sizeIndependent sample t-test
PaPb
aPaired sample t-test. bIndependent sample t-test. *P < 0.05. Group 1: Bobath exercise group. Group 2: Bobath exercises, breathing and relaxation exercises. SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; MAS: Modified Ashworth Scale.
Shoulder belts
  Group 12.66 ± 0.612.60 ± 0.730.3340.06 (0.07 - 0.20)0.0980.036*
  Group 22.33 ± 0.482.00 ± 0.750.190.33 (0.06 - 0.60)0.687
Dirsek
  Group 12.60 ± 0.732.33 ± 0.610.410.26 (0.01 - 0.52)0.3560.391
  Group 22.66 ± 0.722.53 ± 0.630.1640.13 (0.06 - 0.32)0.180
Hand
  Group 13.20 ± 0.772.93 ± 0.700.420.26 (0.01 - 0.52)0.3371.000
  Group 23.73 ± 0.452.93 ± 0.590.100.80 (0.42 - 1.17)1.777
Hip belts
  Group 12.46 ± 0.742.20 ± 0.140.1040.26 (0.06 - 0.59)0.3510.764
  Group 22.26 ± 0.702.13 ± 0.160.1630.13 (0.06 - 0.32)0.185
Knee
  Group 12.40 ± 0.632.33 ± 0.480.3340.06 (0.07 - 0.20)0.0951.000
  Group 22.40 ± 0.632.33 ± 0.610.3340.06 (0.07 - 0.20)0.095
Foot-ankle
  Group 13.13 ± 0.513.06 ± 0.590.3320.06 (0.07 - 0.20)0.1170.042*
  Group 23.46 ± 0.632.46 ± 0.910.002*1.00 (0.44 - 1.55)1.587