J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 1, June 2024, pages 16-36

Neuro-Abilities and a Good Life

**Table 1.** Students that Ticked off “No Impact” and the “Means” of Student Views on the Impact of Human Enhancement Beyond Species-Typical on the Ability to Have a Good Life of Different Groups Now and in the Future
Social group/entity	Impact of human enhancement beyond species-typical on the ability to have a good life in the moment	Standard deviation	Social group/entity	Impact of human enhancement beyond species-typical on the ability to have a good life in the future	Standard deviation
Disabled people	5.75%	7	2.47	Disabled people	1.15%	7.43	2.29
The elderly	12.64%	6.55	2.81	People with high income	8.05%	6.97	2.58
Countries of the North	10.47%	6.53	2.55	The elderly	5.75%	6.9	2.64
People with high income	14.94%	6.49	2.94	Countries of the North	5.75%	6.84	2.35
Youth	12.79%	6.22	2.68	Youth	5.81%	6.74	2.56
Women	11.63%	6.03	2.48	Post-secondary students	6.90%	6.72	2.47
Single parents	16.09%	6.03	2.76	Women	5.75%	6.6	2.32
Men	12.64%	5.98	2.49	Non-university apprenticeship students	6.90%	6.54	2.4
Nonbinary people	13.95%	5.97	2.65	Nonbinary people	9.30%	6.45	2.62
Family caregiver	14.94%	5.92	2.68	Men	6.90%	6.38	2.38
Post-secondary students	17.24%	5.91	2.79	Single parents	9.30%	6.31	2.49
Blue collar workers	13.79%	5.82	2.62	Family caregiver	9.30%	6.26	2.56
Countries of the South	12.79%	5.76	2.55	Blue collar workers	6.90%	6.26	2.54
Non-university apprenticeship students	17.24%	5.74	2.72	You	8.05%	6.24	2.46
People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada	17.24%	5.47	2.69	Countries of the South	8.05%	6.16	2.5
Immigrants to Canada	20.69%	5.37	2.76	People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada	9.20%	5.93	2.34
Indigenous people in Canada	16.09%	5.36	2.53	Immigrants to Canada	11.49%	5.86	2.47
People with low income	13.79%	5.24	2.52	People with low income	6.90%	5.82	2.62
You	20.69%	5.2	2.63	Immigrants to other countries	11.49%	5.79	2.49
Immigrants to other countries	20.69%	5.17	2.71	Indigenous people in Canada	8.05%	5.76	2.36
Animals	25.58%	4.83	2.99	Animals	20.69%	4.9	2.86
Nature	27.59%	4.43	2.85	Nature	20.69%	4.48	2.62

Table 1. Students that Ticked off “No Impact” and the “Means” of Student Views on the Impact of Human Enhancement Beyond Species-Typical on the Ability to Have a Good Life of Different Groups Now and in the Future

Social group/entity

Impact of human enhancement beyond species-typical on the ability to have a good life in the moment

Standard deviation

Social group/entity

Impact of human enhancement beyond species-typical on the ability to have a good life in the future

Standard deviation

0 for no impact as answer

Means of the answers

0 for no impact as answer

Means of the answers

Disabled people

5.75%

2.47

Disabled people

1.15%

7.43

2.29

The elderly

12.64%

6.55

2.81

People with high income

8.05%

6.97

2.58

Countries of the North

10.47%

6.53

2.55

The elderly

5.75%

6.9

2.64

People with high income

14.94%

6.49

2.94

Countries of the North

5.75%

6.84

2.35

Youth

12.79%

6.22

2.68

Youth

5.81%

6.74

2.56

Women

11.63%

6.03

2.48

Post-secondary students

6.90%

6.72

2.47

Single parents

16.09%

6.03

2.76

Women

5.75%

6.6

2.32

Men

12.64%

5.98

2.49

Non-university apprenticeship students

6.90%

6.54

2.4

Nonbinary people

13.95%

5.97

2.65

Nonbinary people

9.30%

6.45

2.62

Family caregiver

14.94%

5.92

2.68

Men

6.90%

6.38

2.38

Post-secondary students

17.24%

5.91

2.79

Single parents

9.30%

6.31

2.49

Blue collar workers

13.79%

5.82

2.62

Family caregiver

9.30%

6.26

2.56

Countries of the South

12.79%

5.76

2.55

Blue collar workers

6.90%

6.26

2.54

Non-university apprenticeship students

17.24%

5.74

2.72

You

8.05%

6.24

2.46

People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada

17.24%

5.47

2.69

Countries of the South

8.05%

6.16

2.5

Immigrants to Canada

20.69%

5.37

2.76

People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada

9.20%

5.93

2.34

Indigenous people in Canada

16.09%

5.36

2.53

Immigrants to Canada

11.49%

5.86

2.47

People with low income

13.79%

5.24

2.52

People with low income

6.90%

5.82

2.62

You

20.69%

5.2

2.63

Immigrants to other countries

11.49%

5.79

2.49

Immigrants to other countries

20.69%

5.17

2.71

Indigenous people in Canada

8.05%

5.76

2.36

Animals

25.58%

4.83

2.99

Animals

20.69%

4.9

2.86

Nature

27.59%

4.43

2.85

Nature

20.69%

4.48

2.62

**Table 2.** Students That Ticked off “No Impact” and the “Means” of Student Views on the Impact of Neurotechnologies on the Ability to Have a Good Life of Different Groups Now and in the Future
Social group/entity	Impact of neurotechnology’s on the ability to have a good life in the moment	Standard deviation	Social group/entity	Impact of neurotechnology’s on the ability to have a good life in the future	Standard deviation
Disabled people	2.33%	7.69	2.28	Disabled people	0.00%	8.23	2.17
The elderly	9.30%	7.07	2.71	The elderly	3.49%	7.59	2.5
Post-secondary students	13.95%	6.57	2.79	People with high income	5.81%	7.45	2.46
People with high income	16.28%	6.53	3.05	Post-secondary students	4.65%	7.43	2.42
Countries of the North	12.79%	6.47	2.64	Youth	5.81%	7.35	2.49
Youth	13.95%	6.4	2.78	Countries of the North	6.98%	7.09	2.38
Family caregiver	13.95%	6.05	2.59	Women	3.49%	7.01	2.03
Men	11.76%	6.02	2.42	Men	3.49%	7	2.1
Non-university apprenticeship students	18.60%	5.97	2.92	Nonbinary people	7.06%	6.86	2.44
Women	12.70%	5.97	2.44	Non-university apprenticeship students	6.98%	6.85	2.48
Nonbinary people	16.47%	5.91	2.66	You	9.41%	6.84	2.73
Single parents	17.65%	5.86	2.73	Family caregiver	5.81%	6.79	2.41
Countries of the South	15.12%	5.84	2.68	Single parents	6.98%	6.7	2.33
Indigenous people in Canada	16.28%	5.58	2.58	Countries of the South	8.14%	6.49	2.51
Immigrants to other countries	18.60%	5.56	2.61	Blue collar workers	8.14%	6.3	2.49
Immigrants to Canada	17.44%	5.55	2.56	Immigrants to Canada	9.30%	6.29	2.42
People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada	18.60%	5.53	2.64	People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada	9.30%	6.27	2.47
You	26.74%	5.44	3.08	Immigrants to other countries	9.30%	6.22	2.46
Blue collar workers	20.93%	5.35	2.79	Indigenous people in Canada	9.30%	6.14	2.49
People with low income	18.60%	4.97	2.54	People with low income	8.14%	5.85	2.53
Animals	36.05%	4.35	2.95	Animals	29.07%	4.71	2.95
Nature	41.86%	3.62	2.62	Nature	36.05%	3.9	2.72

Table 2. Students That Ticked off “No Impact” and the “Means” of Student Views on the Impact of Neurotechnologies on the Ability to Have a Good Life of Different Groups Now and in the Future

Social group/entity

Impact of neurotechnology’s on the ability to have a good life in the moment

Standard deviation

Social group/entity

Impact of neurotechnology’s on the ability to have a good life in the future

Standard deviation

0 for no impact as answer

Means of the answers

0 for no impact as answer

Means of the answers

Disabled people

2.33%

7.69

2.28

Disabled people

0.00%

8.23

2.17

The elderly

9.30%

7.07

2.71

The elderly

3.49%

7.59

2.5

Post-secondary students

13.95%

6.57

2.79

People with high income

5.81%

7.45

2.46

People with high income

16.28%

6.53

3.05

Post-secondary students

4.65%

7.43

2.42

Countries of the North

12.79%

6.47

2.64

Youth

5.81%

7.35

2.49

Youth

13.95%

6.4

2.78

Countries of the North

6.98%

7.09

2.38

Family caregiver

13.95%

6.05

2.59

Women

3.49%

7.01

2.03

Men

11.76%

6.02

2.42

Men

3.49%

2.1

Non-university apprenticeship students

18.60%

5.97

2.92

Nonbinary people

7.06%

6.86

2.44

Women

12.70%

5.97

2.44

Non-university apprenticeship students

6.98%

6.85

2.48

Nonbinary people

16.47%

5.91

2.66

You

9.41%

6.84

2.73

Single parents

17.65%

5.86

2.73

Family caregiver

5.81%

6.79

2.41

Countries of the South

15.12%

5.84

2.68

Single parents

6.98%

6.7

2.33

Indigenous people in Canada

16.28%

5.58

2.58

Countries of the South

8.14%

6.49

2.51

Immigrants to other countries

18.60%

5.56

2.61

Blue collar workers

8.14%

6.3

2.49

Immigrants to Canada

17.44%

5.55

2.56

Immigrants to Canada

9.30%

6.29

2.42

People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada

18.60%

5.53

2.64

People of ethnic background not a majority in Canada

9.30%

6.27

2.47

You

26.74%

5.44

3.08

Immigrants to other countries

9.30%

6.22

2.46

Blue collar workers

20.93%

5.35

2.79

Indigenous people in Canada

9.30%

6.14

2.49

People with low income

18.60%

4.97

2.54

People with low income

8.14%

5.85

2.53

Animals

36.05%

4.35

2.95

Animals

29.07%

4.71

2.95

Nature

41.86%

3.62

2.62

Nature

36.05%

3.9

2.72

**Table 3.** Views of Students on the Impact of Being a Disabled Person in General and Belonging to Another Marginalized Group on Top of Being a Disabled Person on Experiencing a Good Life as Indicated by the Indicators of Four Well-Being Composite Measures
Sentiment towards indicators % agreeing	Number of indicators
Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix (34 indicators)
0%	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	0	0	0	0	0
26-50.99%	0	16	0	0	0
51-75.99%	13	17	26	18	13
76-100%	21	1	8	16	21
Canadian Index of Well-being (35 indicators)
0%	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	1	3	0	0	0
26-50.99%	5	17	10	2	1
51-75.99%	5	15	25	23	12
76-100%	24	0	0	10	22
Social Determinants of Health (26 indicators, taken out the ones linked to a social group)
0%	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	0	0	0	0	0
26-50.99%	1	14	1	1	0
51-75.99%	6	12	21	18	14
76-100%	19	0	4	7	12
Better Life Index (12 indicators)
0%	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	0	0	0	0	0
26-50.99%	0	5	4	0	0
51-75.99%	5	5	6	10	7
76-100%	7	2	2	2	5

Table 3. Views of Students on the Impact of Being a Disabled Person in General and Belonging to Another Marginalized Group on Top of Being a Disabled Person on Experiencing a Good Life as Indicated by the Indicators of Four Well-Being Composite Measures

Sentiment towards indicators % agreeing

Number of indicators

Disabled people experience a lower level of or are more impacted by the indicator than non-disabled people

Disabled women experience a lower level of or are more impacted by the indicator than disabled men

Disabled people from ethnic minorities experience a lower level of or are more impacted by the indicator than disabled people from non-ethnic minorities

Indigenous disabled people experience a lower level of or are more impacted by the indicator than non-indigenous disabled people

Disabled people from the global south experience a lower level of or are more impacted by the indicator than disabled people from the global north

Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix (34 indicators)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

Canadian Index of Well-being (35 indicators)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

Social Determinants of Health (26 indicators, taken out the ones linked to a social group)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

Better Life Index (12 indicators)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

**Table 4.** Views of Students on the Impact of Neurotechnologies and Neuro/Cognitive Enhancements on the Indicators of Four Well-Being Composite Measures
Sentiment towards indicators % agreeing	Number of indicators
50 NT: 50 neurotechnologies.
Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix (34 indicators)
0%	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	11	28	0	0	30	27
26-50.99%	21	4	33	13	4	7
51-75.99%	2	0	1	17	0	0
76-100%	0	0	0	4	0	0
Canadian Index of Well-being (35 indicators)
0%	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	11	25	0	4	28	19
26-50.99%	24	10	35	14	7	16
51-75.99%	0	0	0	17	0	0
76-100%	0	0	0	0	0	0
Social Determinants of Health (30 indicators)
0%	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	10	8	0	2	25	12
26-50.99%	20	22	30	19	5	18
51-75.99%	0	0	0	9	0	0
76-100%	0	0	0	0	0	0
Better Life Index (12 indicators)
0%	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-25.99%	3	9	0	0	10	6
26-50.99%	9	3	12	7	2	6
51-75.99%	0	0	0	5	0	0
76-100%	0	0	0	0	0	0

Table 4. Views of Students on the Impact of Neurotechnologies and Neuro/Cognitive Enhancements on the Indicators of Four Well-Being Composite Measures

Sentiment towards indicators % agreeing

Number of indicators

50 NT “yes”

50 NT “no”

50 NT “no opinion”

“Neuroenhancement*” or “neuro enhancement*” or “moral enhancement*” or “cognitive enhancement*”

Yes

Do not know/no opinion

50 NT: 50 neurotechnologies.

Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix (34 indicators)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

Canadian Index of Well-being (35 indicators)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

Social Determinants of Health (30 indicators)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

Better Life Index (12 indicators)

1-25.99%

26-50.99%

51-75.99%

76-100%

**Table 5.** Frequency of Ability, Human Enhancement and Technology Related Conceptual Terms Present in Online Searches of Abstracts Containing the 50 NT Terms (list see under Methods) or the Neuroenhancement Terms
Conceptual terms	The 50 NT terms listed under Methods (703,183 abstracts)	“Neuroenhancement” or “neuro enhancement” or “moral enhancement” or “cognitive enhancement” (7,077 abstracts)
50 NT: 50 neurotechnologies.
35 ability-based concepts
Abilit*	51,768	856
Neuroabilit* or neuro-abilit*	0	0
Ableism abstract/full text	11/37	0/6
“Internalized ableism”	0	0
“Ability security” or “ability insecurity” or “ableism security” or “ableism insecurity”	0	0
“Ability equity” or “ability inequity” or “ability equality” or “ability inequality” or “ableism inequity” or “ableism equity” or “ableism equality” or “ableism inequality”	0	0
“Ability privilege”	0	0
“Ability discrimination” or “ableism discrimination”	1	0
“Ability oppression” or “ableism oppression”	0	0
“Ability apartheid” or “ableism apartheid”	0	0
“Ability obsolescence” or “ableism obsolescence”	0	0
“Ability consumerism” or “ableism consumerism” or “ability commodification” or “ableism commodification”	0	0
“Ability foresight” or “ableism foresight”	0	0
“Ability governance” or “ableism governance”	0	0
Disablism (abstract and full text)	0/0	0/0
“Internalized disablism”	0	0
“Disability burnout” or “disablism burnout”	0	0
Identity	4,231	78
Identity and ableism	0	0
Identity and disablism	0	0
Six human enhancement-linked concepts
Cyborg	76	3
Posthuman	44	2
Supercrip	0	0
Superhuman	20	0
Transhuman*	46	45
Transhuman* and ableism or disablism	0	0
Six technology-related terms
“Assistive technolog*”	767	7
Technoableism or techno-ableism	0	0
Technodoping or techno-doping	0	0
Techno-poor	0	0
Techno-impaired	0	0
Techno disabled	0	0
Techno-supercrip	0	0
Technowashing or techno-washing	0	0

Table 5. Frequency of Ability, Human Enhancement and Technology Related Conceptual Terms Present in Online Searches of Abstracts Containing the 50 NT Terms (list see under Methods) or the Neuroenhancement Terms

Conceptual terms

The 50 NT terms listed under Methods (703,183 abstracts)

“Neuroenhancement*” or “neuro enhancement*” or “moral enhancement*” or “cognitive enhancement*” (7,077 abstracts)

50 NT: 50 neurotechnologies.

35 ability-based concepts

Abilit*

51,768

856

Neuroabilit* or neuro-abilit*

Ableism abstract/full text

11/37

0/6

“Internalized ableism”

“Ability security” or “ability insecurity” or “ableism security” or “ableism insecurity”

“Ability equity” or “ability inequity” or “ability equality” or “ability inequality” or “ableism inequity” or “ableism equity” or “ableism equality” or “ableism inequality”

“Ability privilege”

“Ability discrimination” or “ableism discrimination”

“Ability oppression” or “ableism oppression”

“Ability apartheid” or “ableism apartheid”

“Ability obsolescence” or “ableism obsolescence”

“Ability consumerism” or “ableism consumerism” or “ability commodification” or “ableism commodification”

“Ability foresight” or “ableism foresight”

“Ability governance” or “ableism governance”

Disablism (abstract and full text)

0/0

“Internalized disablism”

“Disability burnout” or “disablism burnout”

Identity

4,231

Identity and ableism

Identity and disablism

Six human enhancement-linked concepts

Cyborg

Posthuman

Supercrip

Superhuman

Transhuman*

Transhuman* and ableism or disablism

Six technology-related terms

“Assistive technolog*”

767

Technoableism or techno-ableism

Technodoping or techno-doping

Techno-poor

Techno-impaired

Techno disabled

Techno-supercrip

Technowashing or techno-washing