J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 2, December 2024, pages 74-85

Demographics and Clinical Correlates of Blood Pressure Among Ugandans at Risk for Stroke

Figure 1. Distribution of SBPs (a) and DPBs (b) in a Ugandan screening sample. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

Figure 2. Distribution of SBPs (a) and DBPs (b) in a Ugandan baseline sample. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

**Table 1.** Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the TEAM Uganda Sample (N = 247 Randomized Sample)
Variables	N (%)	Mean (SD), range
^aIncludes self-employed work at home or farming. ^bObesity defined as BMI > 30. ^cESC-ESH grade 1: SBP 140 - 159 mm Hg and/or DBP 90 - 99 mm Hg; grade 2: SBP 160 - 179 mm Hg and/or DBP 100 - 109 mm Hg; grade 3: SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 110 mm Hg. ^dHarmful drinking behaviors based on AUDIT score defined as total score > 8. ^eCurrent smoke based on baseline assessment using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). SD: standard deviation; HTN: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; TEAM: TargetEd manAgeMent Intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TIA: transient ischemic attack; ESC-ESH: the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension.
Age (years)		55.4 (12.0), 20 - 90
Gender
Male	79 (32.0)
Female	168 (68.0)
Educational level
None	18 (7.3)
Primary	118 (47.8)
Secondary	87 (35.2)
Tertiary	24 (9.7)
Marital status
Single	15 (6.1)
Married	132 (53.4)
Separated/divorced/widowed	100 (40.5)
Currently employed/working^a	162 (65.6)
Residency status
Rural	53 (21.5)
Suburban	83 (33.6)
Urban	111 (44.9)
Family stroke history	50 (20.2)
Stroke risk factors at screening
SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg	247 (100)
Diabetes	72 (29.1)
Hyperlipidemia	199 (80.6)
Obesity^b	98 (39.7)
Current smoker	3 (1.2)
Sedentary lifestyle	58 (23.5)
Problem alcohol use	26 (10.5)
Personal history of stroke or TIA	49 (19.8)
Total number of stroke risk factors (including HTN) at screening		3.0 (0.9), 2 - 6
SBP at screen		158.1 (14.9), 140 - 216
DBP at screen		95.4 (11.4), 71.5 - 132
SBP at baseline		143.0 (19.8), 94.5 - 206
DBP at baseline		89.3 (14.0), 61 - 136
ESC-ESH 2018 Guideline HTN^c at baseline
< Grade 1 (SBP < 140 and DBP < 90)	93 (37.7)
Grade 1	83 (33.6)
Grade 2	47 (19.0)
Grade 3	24 (9.7)
Serum cholesterol		4.5 (1.1), 1.7 - 7.1
Proportion with elevated value	61 (24.7)
Serum HDL		1.6 (2.8), 0.3 - 4.4
Proportion with abnormal (low) value
Men (n = 79)	25 (31.6)
Women (n = 166)	90 (54.2)
Serum LDL		3.0 (1.3), 0.4 - 8.3
Proportion with elevated value	82 (33.2)
Serum triglycerides		1.6 (1.0), 0.3 - 7.7
Proportion with elevated value	84 (34.0)
HbA1c (total sample)		6.1 (1.9), 2.0 - 15.0
HBA1c (those with diabetes)		8.4 (1.8), 6.5 - 15.0
BMI		28.7 (5.8), 16.8 - 45.5
Proportion with obesity	98 (39.7)
AUDIT total score		1.0 (3.5), 0 - 30
Proportion with harmful drinking behavior^d	8 (4.9)
Current smoker^e, N (%)	4 (1.6)
Receiving medication treatment for stroke/cardiovascular risk reduction
No	5 (2.0)
Yes (at least 1 drug)	242 (98.0)
Number of medication treatments, mean (SD)		3.0 (1.2), 0 - 6
Sample prescribed a single medication	16 (6.6)
Sample prescribed two treatments	67 (27.7)
Sample prescribed three or more treatments	159 (65.7)

Table 1. Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the TEAM Uganda Sample (N = 247 Randomized Sample)

Variables

N (%)

Mean (SD), range

^aIncludes self-employed work at home or farming. ^bObesity defined as BMI > 30. ^cESC-ESH grade 1: SBP 140 - 159 mm Hg and/or DBP 90 - 99 mm Hg; grade 2: SBP 160 - 179 mm Hg and/or DBP 100 - 109 mm Hg; grade 3: SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 110 mm Hg. ^dHarmful drinking behaviors based on AUDIT score defined as total score > 8. ^eCurrent smoke based on baseline assessment using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). SD: standard deviation; HTN: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; TEAM: TargetEd manAgeMent Intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TIA: transient ischemic attack; ESC-ESH: the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension.

Age (years)

55.4 (12.0), 20 - 90

Gender

Male

79 (32.0)

Female

168 (68.0)

Educational level

None

18 (7.3)

Primary

118 (47.8)

Secondary

87 (35.2)

Tertiary

24 (9.7)

Marital status

Single

15 (6.1)

Married

132 (53.4)

Separated/divorced/widowed

100 (40.5)

Currently employed/working^a

162 (65.6)

Residency status

Rural

53 (21.5)

Suburban

83 (33.6)

Urban

111 (44.9)

Family stroke history

50 (20.2)

Stroke risk factors at screening

SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg

247 (100)

Diabetes

72 (29.1)

Hyperlipidemia

199 (80.6)

Obesity^b

98 (39.7)

Current smoker

3 (1.2)

Sedentary lifestyle

58 (23.5)

Problem alcohol use

26 (10.5)

Personal history of stroke or TIA

49 (19.8)

Total number of stroke risk factors (including HTN) at screening

3.0 (0.9), 2 - 6

SBP at screen

158.1 (14.9), 140 - 216

DBP at screen

95.4 (11.4), 71.5 - 132

SBP at baseline

143.0 (19.8), 94.5 - 206

DBP at baseline

89.3 (14.0), 61 - 136

ESC-ESH 2018 Guideline HTN^c at baseline

< Grade 1 (SBP < 140 and DBP < 90)

93 (37.7)

Grade 1

83 (33.6)

Grade 2

47 (19.0)

Grade 3

24 (9.7)

Serum cholesterol

4.5 (1.1), 1.7 - 7.1

Proportion with elevated value

61 (24.7)

Serum HDL

1.6 (2.8), 0.3 - 4.4

Proportion with abnormal (low) value

Men (n = 79)

25 (31.6)

Women (n = 166)

90 (54.2)

Serum LDL

3.0 (1.3), 0.4 - 8.3

Proportion with elevated value

82 (33.2)

Serum triglycerides

1.6 (1.0), 0.3 - 7.7

Proportion with elevated value

84 (34.0)

HbA1c (total sample)

6.1 (1.9), 2.0 - 15.0

HBA1c (those with diabetes)

8.4 (1.8), 6.5 - 15.0

BMI

28.7 (5.8), 16.8 - 45.5

Proportion with obesity

98 (39.7)

AUDIT total score

1.0 (3.5), 0 - 30

Proportion with harmful drinking behavior^d

8 (4.9)

Current smoker^e, N (%)

4 (1.6)

Receiving medication treatment for stroke/cardiovascular risk reduction

5 (2.0)

Yes (at least 1 drug)

242 (98.0)

Number of medication treatments, mean (SD)

3.0 (1.2), 0 - 6

Sample prescribed a single medication

16 (6.6)

Sample prescribed two treatments

67 (27.7)

Sample prescribed three or more treatments

159 (65.7)

**Table 2.** Comparison of Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the TEAM Uganda Sample Classified Using ESC-ESH Cut-Points
Variables	ESC-ESH HTN grades^a	Significant difference between groups
^aESC-ESH grade 1: SBP 140 - 159 mm Hg and/or DBP 90 - 99 mm Hg; grade 2: SBP 160 - 179 mm Hg and/or DBP 100 - 109 mm Hg; grade 3: SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 110 mm Hg. ^bIncludes self-employed work at home or farming. ^cCurrent smoker based on baseline assessment using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). P < 0.05; P < 0.01; **P < 0.001. SD: standard deviation; HTN: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; TEAM: TargetEd manAgeMent Intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ESC-ESH: the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension.
Age (years), mean (SD)	56.3 (12.0)	55.8 (11.9)	56.1 (13.5)	49.6 (7.8)	ns; A, B > D
Gender, n (%)
Male	27 (29.0)	27 (32.5)	17 (36.2)	8 (33.3)
Female	66 (71.0)	56 (67.5)	30 (63.8)	16 (66.7)	ns
Educational level, n (%)
None	5 (5.4)	9 (10.8)	2 (4.3)	2 (8.3)
Primary	42 (45.2)	37 (44.6)	27 (57.4)	12 (50.0)
Secondary	37 (39.8)	27 (32.5)	13 (27.7)	10 (41.7)
Tertiary	9 (9.7)	10 (12.0)	5 (10.6)	0 (0.0)	ns
Marital status, n (%)
Single	10 (10.8)	3 (3.6)	2 (4.3)	0 (0.0)
Married	43 (46.2)	43 (51.8)	29 (61.7)	17 (70.8)
Separated/divorced/widow	40 (43.0)	37 (44.6)	16 (34.0)	7 (29.2)	ns
Currently employed/working^b	56 (60.2)	58 (69.9)	30 (63.8)	18 (75.0)	ns
Residency status, n (%)
Rural	14 (15.1)	19 (22.9)	15 (31.9)	5 (20.8)
Suburban	37 (39.8)	23 (27.7)	12 (25.5)	11 (45.8)
Urban	42 (45.2)	41 (49.4)	20 (42.6)	8 (33.2)	ns
Stroke family history, n (%)	19 (20.4)	16 (19.3)	12 (25.5)	3 (12.5)	ns
Stroke risk factors at screening, n (%)
Diabetes	16 (17.2)	30 (36.1)	19 (40.4)	7 (29.2)	**; C, B > A
Hyperlipidemia	77 (82.8)	68 (81.9)	36 (76.6)	18 (75.0)	ns
Obesity	39 (41.9)	34 (41.0)	18 (38.3)	7 (29.2)	ns
Current smoker	2 (2.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (4.2)	ns
Sedentary lifestyle	27 (29.0)	12 (14.5)	10 (21.3)	9 (37.5)	*
Problem alcohol use	10 (10.8)	6 (7.2)	7 (14.9)	3 (12.5)	ns
Personal stroke history	29 (31.2)	12 (14.5	5 (10.6)	3 (12.5)	**; A > C
Total number of risk factors at screening, mean (SD)	3.0 (1.0)	3.0 (0.8)	2.9 (1.0)	3.1 (1.1)	ns
SBP at baseline, mean (SD)	124.3 (10.4)	145.4 (6.8)	158.8 (10.9)	176.0 (16.6)	***; D > C > B > A
DBP at baseline, mean (SD)	77.8 (7.4)	88.6 (6.9)	99.9 (7.7)	115.9 (8.9)	***; D > C > B > A
Serum cholesterol, mean (SD)	4.8 (1.1)	4.4 (1.2)	4.4 (1.0)	4.4 (1.2)	ns
Serum HDL, mean (SD)	1.3 (0.6)	1.3 (0.6)	1.4 (0.6)	1.3 (0.5)	ns
Serum LDL, mean (SD)	3.1 (1.0)	3.2 (1.7)	2.6 (1.0)	3.0 (1.6)	*; A > C
Serum triglycerides	1.6 (1.0)	1.7 (0.8)	1.8 (1.3)	1.6 (1.0)	ns
HbA1c, mean (SD)	5.8 (1.7)	6.2 (2.0)	6.5 (1.9)	6.2 (2.4)	ns
BMI, mean (SD)	29.4 (6.1)	28.3 (5.5)	28.8 (6.0)	27.3 (5.0)	ns
AUDIT, mean (SD)	0.7 (1.9)	0.8 (2.6)	1.0 (3.4)	3.0 (8.2)	ns
Current smoker^c, n (%)	1 (1.1)	1 (1.2)	0 (0.0)	2 (8.3)	*
Receiving medication treatment for cardiovascular risk reduction, n (%) (at least 1 drug)	92 (98.9)	81 (97.6)	47 (100.0)	22 (91.7)	ns
Number of medication treatments, mean (SD)	3.0 (1.1)	2.9 (1.2)	3.0 (1.2)	3.4 (1.5)	ns
Number of individuals on a single treatment, n (%)	5 (5.4)	7 (8.6)	4 (8.5)	0 (0.0)	ns
Number of individuals on two treatments, n (%)	27 (29.3)	21 (25.9)	15 (31.9)	4 (18.2)	ns
Number of individuals on three or more treatments, n (%)	60 (65.2)	53 (65.4)	28 (59.6)	18 (81.8)	ns

Table 2. Comparison of Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the TEAM Uganda Sample Classified Using ESC-ESH Cut-Points

Variables

ESC-ESH HTN grades^a

Significant difference between groups

(A) < Grade 1 (n = 93, 37.7%), mean (SD) or N (%)

(B) Grade 1 (n = 83, 33.6%), mean (SD) or N (%)

(D) Grade 3 (n = 24, 9.7%), mean (SD) or N (%)

^aESC-ESH grade 1: SBP 140 - 159 mm Hg and/or DBP 90 - 99 mm Hg; grade 2: SBP 160 - 179 mm Hg and/or DBP 100 - 109 mm Hg; grade 3: SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 110 mm Hg. ^bIncludes self-employed work at home or farming. ^cCurrent smoker based on baseline assessment using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. SD: standard deviation; HTN: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; TEAM: TargetEd manAgeMent Intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ESC-ESH: the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension.

Age (years), mean (SD)

56.3 (12.0)

55.8 (11.9)

56.1 (13.5)

49.6 (7.8)

ns; A, B > D

Gender, n (%)

Male

27 (29.0)

27 (32.5)

17 (36.2)

8 (33.3)

Female

66 (71.0)

56 (67.5)

30 (63.8)

16 (66.7)

Educational level, n (%)

None

5 (5.4)

9 (10.8)

2 (4.3)

2 (8.3)

Primary

42 (45.2)

37 (44.6)

27 (57.4)

12 (50.0)

Secondary

37 (39.8)

27 (32.5)

13 (27.7)

10 (41.7)

Tertiary

9 (9.7)

10 (12.0)

5 (10.6)

0 (0.0)

Marital status, n (%)

Single

10 (10.8)

3 (3.6)

2 (4.3)

0 (0.0)

Married

43 (46.2)

43 (51.8)

29 (61.7)

17 (70.8)

Separated/divorced/widow

40 (43.0)

37 (44.6)

16 (34.0)

7 (29.2)

Currently employed/working^b

56 (60.2)

58 (69.9)

30 (63.8)

18 (75.0)

Residency status, n (%)

Rural

14 (15.1)

19 (22.9)

15 (31.9)

5 (20.8)

Suburban

37 (39.8)

23 (27.7)

12 (25.5)

11 (45.8)

Urban

42 (45.2)

41 (49.4)

20 (42.6)

8 (33.2)

Stroke family history, n (%)

19 (20.4)

16 (19.3)

12 (25.5)

3 (12.5)

Stroke risk factors at screening, n (%)

Diabetes

16 (17.2)

30 (36.1)

19 (40.4)

7 (29.2)

**; C, B > A

Hyperlipidemia

77 (82.8)

68 (81.9)

36 (76.6)

18 (75.0)

Obesity

39 (41.9)

34 (41.0)

18 (38.3)

7 (29.2)

Current smoker

2 (2.2)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.2)

Sedentary lifestyle

27 (29.0)

12 (14.5)

10 (21.3)

9 (37.5)

Problem alcohol use

10 (10.8)

6 (7.2)

7 (14.9)

3 (12.5)

Personal stroke history

29 (31.2)

12 (14.5

5 (10.6)

3 (12.5)

**; A > C

Total number of risk factors at screening, mean (SD)

3.0 (1.0)

3.0 (0.8)

2.9 (1.0)

3.1 (1.1)

SBP at baseline, mean (SD)

124.3 (10.4)

145.4 (6.8)

158.8 (10.9)

176.0 (16.6)

***; D > C > B > A

DBP at baseline, mean (SD)

77.8 (7.4)

88.6 (6.9)

99.9 (7.7)

115.9 (8.9)

***; D > C > B > A

Serum cholesterol, mean (SD)

4.8 (1.1)

4.4 (1.2)

4.4 (1.0)

4.4 (1.2)

Serum HDL, mean (SD)

1.3 (0.6)

1.4 (0.6)

1.3 (0.5)

Serum LDL, mean (SD)

3.1 (1.0)

3.2 (1.7)

2.6 (1.0)

3.0 (1.6)

*; A > C

Serum triglycerides

1.6 (1.0)

1.7 (0.8)

1.8 (1.3)

1.6 (1.0)

HbA1c, mean (SD)

5.8 (1.7)

6.2 (2.0)

6.5 (1.9)

6.2 (2.4)

BMI, mean (SD)

29.4 (6.1)

28.3 (5.5)

28.8 (6.0)

27.3 (5.0)

AUDIT, mean (SD)

0.7 (1.9)

0.8 (2.6)

1.0 (3.4)

3.0 (8.2)

Current smoker^c, n (%)

1 (1.1)

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (8.3)

Receiving medication treatment for cardiovascular risk reduction, n (%) (at least 1 drug)

92 (98.9)

81 (97.6)

47 (100.0)

22 (91.7)

Number of medication treatments, mean (SD)

3.0 (1.1)

2.9 (1.2)

3.0 (1.2)

3.4 (1.5)

Number of individuals on a single treatment, n (%)

5 (5.4)

7 (8.6)

4 (8.5)

0 (0.0)

Number of individuals on two treatments, n (%)

27 (29.3)

21 (25.9)

15 (31.9)

4 (18.2)

Number of individuals on three or more treatments, n (%)

60 (65.2)

53 (65.4)

28 (59.6)

18 (81.8)

**Table 3.** Pearson Correlations for Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the TEAM Uganda Sample (N = 247)
Variables	SBP	DBP	ESC-ESH HTN severity grade^a
^aESC-ESH grade 1: SBP 140 - 159 mm Hg and/or DBP 90 - 99 mm Hg; grade 2: SBP 160 - 179 mm Hg and/or DBP 100 - 109 mm Hg; grade 3: SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 110 mm Hg. ^bIncludes self-employed work at home or farming. ^cCurrent smoker based on baseline assessment using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). P < 0.05, P < 0.01, **P < 0.001. SD: standard deviation; HTN: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; AUDIT: alcohol use disorders identification test; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ESC-ESH: the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension; TEAM: TargetEd manAgeMent Intervention.
Age (years)	-0.01	-0.24***	-0.11
Female	-0.04	0.03	-0.05
Educational level	-0.08	-0.06	-0.08
Married	0.13*	0.17**	0.16*
Currently employed/working^b	0.07	0.14*	0.08
Residency status (n = 129)
Rural	0.16	0.13	0.16
Stroke history
Family (yes)	0.02	0.02	-0.01
Stroke risk factors at baseline
Diabetes	0.19**	0.10	0.15*
Hyperlipidemia	-0.04	-0.05	-0.07
Obesity	-0.03	-0.06	-0.07
Current smoker	-0.01	-0.02	-0.00
Sedentary life style	-0.04	-0.01	0.01
Personal stroke history	-0.19**	-0.18**	-0.19**
Total number of risk factors at screening (including HTN)	-0.00	0.06	0.02
SBP	1.00***	0.76***	0.85***
DBP	0.76***	1.00***	0.84***
ESC-ESH 2018 Guideline HTN European grade	0.85***	0.84***	1.00***
Serum cholesterol	-0.05	-0.11	-0.12
Serum HDL	0.02	-0.04	0.00
Serum LDL	-0.09	-0.07	-0.09
Serum triglycerides	0.09	-0.05	0.04
HbA1c	0.18**	0.05	0.10
BMI	-0.07	-0.07	-0.09
AUDIT total score	0.14*	0.14*	0.15*
Current smoker^c, N (%)	0.07	0.13	0.10
Receiving medication treatment for cardiovascular risk	-0.03	-0.10	-0.09
Number of medication treatments	0.13*	0.07	0.07

Table 3. Pearson Correlations for Baseline Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the TEAM Uganda Sample (N = 247)

Variables

SBP

DBP

ESC-ESH HTN severity grade^a

^aESC-ESH grade 1: SBP 140 - 159 mm Hg and/or DBP 90 - 99 mm Hg; grade 2: SBP 160 - 179 mm Hg and/or DBP 100 - 109 mm Hg; grade 3: SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 110 mm Hg. ^bIncludes self-employed work at home or farming. ^cCurrent smoker based on baseline assessment using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. SD: standard deviation; HTN: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; AUDIT: alcohol use disorders identification test; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ESC-ESH: the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension; TEAM: TargetEd manAgeMent Intervention.

Age (years)

-0.01

-0.24***

-0.11

Female

-0.04

0.03

-0.05

Educational level

-0.08

-0.06

-0.08

Married

0.13*

0.17**

0.16*

Currently employed/working^b

0.07

0.14*

0.08

Residency status (n = 129)

Rural

0.16

0.13

0.16

Stroke history

Family (yes)

0.02

-0.01

Stroke risk factors at baseline

Diabetes

0.19**

0.10

0.15*

Hyperlipidemia

-0.04

-0.05

-0.07

Obesity

-0.03

-0.06

-0.07

Current smoker

-0.01

-0.02

-0.00

Sedentary life style

-0.04

-0.01

0.01

Personal stroke history

-0.19**

-0.18**

-0.19**

Total number of risk factors at screening (including HTN)

-0.00

0.06

0.02

SBP

1.00***

0.76***

0.85***

DBP

0.76***

1.00***

0.84***

ESC-ESH 2018 Guideline HTN European grade

0.85***

0.84***

1.00***

Serum cholesterol

-0.05

-0.11

-0.12

Serum HDL

0.02

-0.04

0.00

Serum LDL

-0.09

-0.07

-0.09

Serum triglycerides

0.09

-0.05

0.04

HbA1c

0.18**

0.05

0.10

BMI

-0.07

-0.09

AUDIT total score

0.14*

0.15*

Current smoker^c, N (%)

0.07

0.13

0.10

Receiving medication treatment for cardiovascular risk

-0.03

-0.10

-0.09

Number of medication treatments

0.13*

0.07